Floppy mitral valve syndrome: Causes, Risk Factors, and Mitral Regurgitation
Floppy mitral valve syndrome is a common condition where the “door” between the heart’s left upper and left lower chambers closes less firmly than...
Fulminant myocarditis: Causes, Risk Factors, and Why It Progresses So Fast
Fulminant myocarditis is a rare but life-threatening form of heart muscle inflammation that escalates fast—sometimes over hours to a few days. A person may...
Functional Aortic Regurgitation: Medical Therapy, Blood Pressure Control, and Next Steps
Functional aortic regurgitation happens when the aortic valve leaflets are not the main problem, but the “frame” they close against has changed shape. The...
Functional heart murmur: Innocent Murmur Meaning, Causes, and When to Worry
A functional heart murmur is an extra “whooshing” sound a clinician hears with a stethoscope even though the heart’s structure is normal. It is...
Functional mitral regurgitation: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options
Functional mitral regurgitation happens when the mitral valve leaflets themselves are not the main problem, yet the valve still leaks because the heart around...
Fungal endocarditis, Key warning signs, Diagnosis, and Modern Treatment
Fungal endocarditis is a rare but severe infection of the heart’s inner lining (endocarditis: infection of the heart’s inner lining). It often develops when...
Fungal myocarditis: Recognizing Symptoms Early, Confirming the Diagnosis, and Treatment Steps
Fungal myocarditis is an uncommon but serious infection in which fungi invade and inflame the heart muscle. It most often appears in people whose...
Fungal pericarditis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment Pathways
Fungal pericarditis is an uncommon but serious infection of the sac around the heart. The pericardium—the heart’s thin protective lining—normally lets the heart move...
Early repolarization syndrome, ECG meaning, Risk assessment, Diagnosis and Treatment options
Early repolarization syndrome is a heart rhythm condition linked to a specific pattern on an ECG (a quick heart tracing). For many people, that...
Ebstein anomaly, Tricuspid valve defect explained, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment options
Ebstein anomaly is a heart condition you’re born with (congenital—present at birth) that mainly affects the tricuspid valve (the valve between the right upper...
Ectopia cordis, Types and severity, Symptoms after birth, Diagnosis and Care
Ectopia cordis is a very rare condition present at birth in which a baby’s heart is located partly or completely outside the chest. The...
Ectopic atrial rhythm, ECG meaning, Common causes, Symptoms and Management
Ectopic atrial rhythm is a heart rhythm that starts from a spot in the upper chambers that is not the heart’s usual “starter.” On...
Ectopic atrial tachycardia, Symptoms, ECG findings, Diagnosis and Best treatments
Ectopic atrial tachycardia is a fast heartbeat that starts from a small “extra pacemaker” in the heart’s upper chambers, instead of the usual natural...
Ectopic beats, Why you feel skipped beats, Triggers, Diagnosis and Treatment options
Ectopic beats are extra heartbeats that arrive “out of turn.” Many people notice them as a skipped beat, a sudden thump, or a brief...
Ectopic ventricular rhythm, Ventricular escape rhythm, Causes, Testing and Treatment options
An ectopic ventricular rhythm is a heartbeat pattern that starts in the heart’s lower chambers instead of the usual natural pacemaker. On an ECG...
Effusive-constrictive pericarditis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Long-Term Management
Effusive-constrictive pericarditis is an uncommon but important heart condition where two problems happen at the same time: fluid builds up around the heart, and...
Eisenmenger syndrome: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Long-Term Management
Eisenmenger syndrome is a serious late complication of certain congenital heart defects—conditions you are born with—that were never repaired or were repaired too late....
Embolic infarction: Warning Signs, Causes, Diagnosis, and Emergency Treatment
An embolic infarction happens when a traveling clot or debris suddenly blocks blood flow to an organ, starving tissue of oxygen and nutrients. Infarction...
Embolic stroke: Heart Clots, Atrial Fibrillation Risk, and Anticoagulation Decisions
An embolic stroke happens when a clot or debris travels through the bloodstream and suddenly blocks an artery in the brain. Stroke means “brain...
Endarteritis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Modern Treatment Strategies
Endarteritis means inflammation of an artery’s inner lining—the surface blood flows over. When that lining becomes irritated or infected, it can swell, attract clotting,...
Endocardial cushion defect, Types, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Modern Treatment
An endocardial cushion defect is a heart condition that develops before birth. It affects the “central” part of the heart—where the upper and lower...
Endocardial fibroelastosis, Primary vs Secondary Forms, Risk Factors, and Management
Endocardial fibroelastosis is a rare heart condition most often seen in babies and young children, though it can appear later in life. In simple...
Endocarditis: Early Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options
Endocarditis is an infection—or less often, an inflammation—of the heart’s inner lining and valves. It is uncommon, but when it happens, it can move...
Endocrine Hypertension: Key Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options
High blood pressure is common, but sometimes it is not “just hypertension.” In endocrine hypertension, a hormone problem is the main driver behind the...