Evidence-Based Supplement & Herb Guides

Complexed PSA Test: Prostate Cancer Risk, PSA Interpretation, and Follow-Up

Understand what a complexed PSA test measures, what high cPSA can mean, how it differs from total and free PSA, why modern use is limited, and which follow-up tests can clarify prostate cancer risk.

The complexed PSA test measures the portion of prostate-specific antigen that is bound to blood proteins, mainly alpha-1-antichymotrypsin. In men with prostate cancer, a...

ConfirmMDx Test: Prostate Cancer Epigenetic Marker and Repeat Biopsy Risk

Learn how the ConfirmMDx prostate test uses GSTP1, APC, and RASSF1 methylation after a negative biopsy, what positive and negative results mean, and how the assay may help guide repeat biopsy decisions.

ConfirmMDx is a tissue-based molecular test used after a prostate biopsy has been reported as negative for cancer but clinical concern remains. Instead of...

Decipher Prostate Genomic Classifier Test: Genomic Risk Score, Metastasis Risk, and Prognosis

Learn how the Decipher prostate genomic classifier score estimates metastasis and prognosis, how low, intermediate, and high scores are interpreted, and when testing may affect prostate cancer treatment decisions.

The Decipher Prostate Genomic Classifier is a tissue-based genomic test that estimates how biologically aggressive a diagnosed prostate cancer may be. It measures RNA...

ExoDx Prostate Test: Urine Exosome Biomarkers, High-Grade Prostate Cancer Risk, and Meaning

Learn what the ExoDx Prostate urine test measures, how the 15.6 EPI cutoff relates to high-grade prostate cancer risk, and how results guide biopsy decisions.

The ExoDx Prostate test is a urine-based biomarker test used to estimate the chance that a prostate biopsy will find clinically significant prostate cancer....

Free PSA Test: Percent Free PSA, Prostate Cancer Risk, and Result Meaning

Understand the free PSA test, percent free PSA ranges, why lower percentages raise prostate cancer risk, and how results can guide MRI or biopsy decisions.

The free PSA test helps refine prostate cancer risk when a total PSA result is elevated or otherwise difficult to interpret. PSA circulates in...

HOXB13 Genetic Test: Hereditary Prostate Cancer Risk and Family History

Learn what a HOXB13 genetic test means, how the G84E variant affects hereditary prostate cancer risk, and what positive, negative, and family results can imply.

A HOXB13 genetic test looks for inherited variants in the HOXB13 gene that can raise a person’s lifetime risk of prostate cancer. The best-studied...

Metastatic Prostate Cancer Biomarker Panel: PSA, PSMA, HRR Genes, MSI, and Tumor Profile

A metastatic prostate cancer biomarker panel is not one single laboratory test. It is a coordinated set of blood tests, molecular tests, pathology findings,...

Oncotype DX Genomic Prostate Score Test: Prostate Cancer Risk and Genomic Score

Learn how the Oncotype DX Genomic Prostate Score measures tumor gene expression, what a 0–100 GPS result means, and how it can guide prostate cancer care.

The Oncotype DX Genomic Prostate Score test, now commonly called the Genomic Prostate Score (GPS), is a tissue-based gene-expression test used after prostate cancer...

PCA3 Urine Test: Prostate Cancer Risk, Repeat Biopsy, PSA Follow-Up, and Meaning

Learn what a PCA3 urine test measures, how scores such as 25 are interpreted, and how PCA3 fits with repeat biopsy, PSA, MRI, and newer biomarkers.

The PCA3 urine test measures prostate cancer gene 3 RNA shed from prostate cells into urine after the prostate is stimulated during a digital...

Prolaris Test: Prostate Cancer Cell Cycle Score and Disease Aggressiveness

Learn how the Prolaris test measures 31 cell-cycle genes, what higher or lower scores mean, and how results can refine prostate cancer surveillance and treatment.

The Prolaris test is a tissue-based prostate cancer prognostic test that measures the activity of 31 cell-cycle progression genes to estimate how quickly the...

ProMark Test: Prostate Cancer Protein Biomarker Score and Prognosis

Learn how the ProMark prostate cancer test measures eight protein biomarkers, what a 1–100 score means, and how results can refine prognosis and surveillance decisions.

The ProMark test is a protein-based prognostic assay performed on prostate biopsy tissue after cancer has been diagnosed. It measures eight proteins linked to...

Prostate Cancer Biomarker Panel: PSA, Free PSA, PHI, 4Kscore, PCA3, and Risk Assessment

Prostate cancer biomarker panels combine PSA, free PSA, PHI, 4Kscore, PCA3, MRI, and clinical risk factors to guide biopsy decisions and assess significant cancer risk.

A prostate cancer biomarker panel is not one universal laboratory panel. In practice, clinicians combine selected blood or urine biomarkers with age, prostate exam...

Prostate Cancer HRR Gene Panel: BRCA, ATM, CHEK2, PALB2, and DNA Repair Defects

Prostate cancer HRR gene panels test BRCA1, BRCA2, ATM, CHEK2, PALB2, and related DNA-repair genes to guide hereditary risk assessment and precision treatment decisions.

A prostate cancer HRR gene panel looks for alterations in genes involved in homologous recombination repair, a major pathway cells use to repair double-strand...

Prostate Health Index (PHI) Test: p2PSA, Free PSA, Total PSA, and Cancer Risk Score

The Prostate Health Index combines p2PSA, free PSA, and total PSA into a cancer risk score that can help refine prostate biopsy decisions when PSA alone is uncertain.

The Prostate Health Index, or PHI, is a blood test that combines three forms of prostate-specific antigen—total PSA, free PSA, and proPSA, usually written...

Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Test: Normal Range, High Levels, Screening, and Benign Causes

Learn what PSA levels mean, why benign prostate conditions can raise PSA, how age and risk affect screening, and when repeat testing, MRI, or biopsy may be considered.

A prostate-specific antigen, or PSA, test measures the concentration of PSA in blood. PSA is produced mainly by prostate tissue, so it is useful...

Prostatic Acid Phosphatase (PAP) Test: Prostate Cancer Marker, High Levels, and Historical Use

Learn what a prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) test measures, why high levels were linked to advanced prostate cancer, why PSA replaced PAP, and how ACP3 is being studied again.

Prostatic acid phosphatase, or PAP, is an enzyme produced in high amounts by prostate tissue. Before prostate-specific antigen became widely used, serum PAP was...

PSA Density Test: Prostate Size, PSA Level, Cancer Risk, and Result Meaning

PSA density divides PSA by prostate volume to refine prostate cancer risk. Learn how PSAD is calculated, what 0.15 means, and how MRI changes biopsy decisions.

PSA density, often abbreviated PSAD, adjusts a blood PSA result for the size of the prostate. It is calculated by dividing PSA in ng/mL...

PSA Velocity Test: PSA Change Over Time and Prostate Cancer Risk

PSA velocity measures PSA change in ng/mL per year, but no velocity cutoff should trigger biopsy alone. Learn how trends are calculated, interpreted, and confirmed.

PSA velocity describes how quickly prostate-specific antigen changes over time, usually in ng/mL per year. A rising PSA can be clinically important, but PSA...

PSMA Test: Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen, Imaging Marker, and Metastatic Disease

PSMA PET uses prostate-specific membrane antigen targeting to stage prostate cancer, detect biochemical recurrence, find metastases, and guide selected PSMA radioligand treatments.

A PSMA test usually refers to imaging that targets prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), a cell-surface protein highly expressed by many prostate cancers. The most...

SelectMDx Test: Urine Gene Markers, Prostate Cancer Risk, and Result Meaning

SelectMDx measures HOXC6 and DLX1 urine gene markers after a prostate exam to estimate clinically significant prostate cancer risk and help guide MRI and biopsy decisions.

SelectMDx is a urine-based prostate cancer risk test that measures messenger RNA from the genes HOXC6 and DLX1 after a prostate-directed digital rectal examination....