Evidence-Based Supplement & Herb Guides

SALL4 IHC Test: Germ Cell Tumor Marker, Embryonal Pattern, and Positive Staining

Learn what SALL4 IHC positive nuclear staining means, which germ cell tumors express SALL4, key mimics, companion markers, and common interpretation pitfalls.

SALL4 immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a tissue stain used mainly to support germ cell differentiation in a tumor. SALL4 is a nuclear transcription factor associated...

SATB2 IHC Test: Colorectal Cancer Marker, Lower GI Tumor Origin, and Positive Staining

Understand SATB2 IHC positive staining, how it supports colorectal or lower-GI origin, why some tumors are negative, and which marker panels improve accuracy.

SATB2 immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a tissue stain that helps pathologists recognize colorectal and other lower gastrointestinal differentiation in a tumor. SATB2 is a nuclear...

SMAD4 IHC Test: Pancreatic Cancer Marker, Tumor Suppressor Loss, and Meaning

Learn what SMAD4 or DPC4 IHC loss means in pancreatic cancer, how retained and lost staining are interpreted, limitations, prognosis, and panel use.

SMAD4 immunohistochemistry (IHC), also called DPC4 IHC, is a tissue stain that shows whether tumor cells retain or lose detectable SMAD4 protein. SMAD4 is...

SOX2 IHC Test: Germ Cell Tumor, Squamous Cancer Marker, and Staining Meaning

Learn how SOX2 IHC is interpreted in embryonal carcinoma, seminoma differentials, and squamous cancer, including positive staining patterns, panels, and pitfalls.

SOX2 immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a nuclear tissue stain used in several different diagnostic settings rather than as a marker for one specific cancer. In...

SOX10 IHC Test: Melanoma, Nerve Sheath Tumor, Tumor Origin, and Positive Staining

Learn what SOX10 IHC positive nuclear staining means in melanoma and nerve sheath tumors, major non-melanoma pitfalls, companion markers, and limitations.

SOX10 immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a nuclear tissue stain that helps identify tumors showing melanocytic, Schwann-cell, or related neural-crest differentiation. It is widely used in...

Synaptophysin IHC Test: Neuroendocrine Tumor Marker, Positive Staining, and Tumor Classification

Learn what synaptophysin IHC positive staining means, how it supports neuroendocrine differentiation, how NETs and NECs are classified, and key pitfalls.

Synaptophysin immunohistochemistry (IHC) is one of the most widely used tissue stains for detecting neuroendocrine differentiation. Synaptophysin is a membrane protein found in small...

TTF-1 IHC Test: Lung Cancer, Thyroid Cancer, Tumor Origin, and Positive Staining

Learn what TTF-1 IHC positive nuclear staining means in lung and thyroid cancer, how Napsin A and PAX8 help, and why false-positive or negative results occur.

TTF-1 immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a nuclear tissue stain used mainly to support pulmonary or thyroid differentiation in a tumor. TTF-1, also called NKX2-1, is...

Tumor Immunohistochemistry (IHC) Panel: Protein Markers, Tumor Origin, Cancer Type, and Diagnosis

Learn how tumor IHC panels use protein markers to establish lineage, narrow cancer origin, classify tumors, avoid pitfalls, and guide further molecular testing.

A tumor immunohistochemistry (IHC) panel is a group of tissue stains selected to identify a cancer’s lineage, subtype, and likely site of origin. Instead...

Villin IHC Test: Gastrointestinal Tumor Marker, Intestinal Differentiation, and Positive Staining

Learn what villin IHC positive staining means, how it supports intestinal and GI differentiation, common non-GI pitfalls, and why SATB2, CDX2, CK7, and CK20 matter.

Villin immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a tissue stain used to identify intestinal and gastrointestinal-type differentiation in tumors. Villin is an actin-binding protein concentrated in the...

WT1 IHC Test: Ovarian Cancer, Mesothelioma, Tumor Origin, and Positive Staining

Learn what WT1 IHC positive nuclear staining means in ovarian serous carcinoma and mesothelioma, how panels distinguish them, and which pitfalls matter.

WT1 immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a nuclear tissue stain with two major diagnostic uses: supporting serous Müllerian carcinoma, especially tubo-ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma, and supporting...

4Kscore Test: Prostate Cancer Risk, PSA Isoforms, and Risk Score Meaning

Understand the 4Kscore test, the four PSA-related kallikrein markers it measures, what low or high risk percentages mean, and how results may guide MRI and prostate biopsy decisions.

The 4Kscore test is a blood test used to estimate the chance that a man has clinically significant prostate cancer, usually defined as Grade...

AR-V7 Test: Prostate Cancer Hormone Resistance Marker and Result Meaning

Learn what an AR-V7 test measures in prostate cancer, what positive and negative results mean, and how this hormone-resistance marker may help guide treatment choices in metastatic castration-resistant disease.

The AR-V7 test looks for androgen receptor splice variant 7, a shortened form of the androgen receptor that can stay active even when testosterone...

ATM Test for Prostate Cancer: DNA Repair Marker, Variant Meaning, and Hereditary Risk

Learn what an ATM test means in prostate cancer, including germline versus somatic variants, hereditary risk, VUS interpretation, DNA-repair biology, and how ATM findings may affect advanced cancer treatment decisions.

An ATM test looks for changes in the ATM gene, an important DNA-damage response gene that helps cells recognize and repair broken DNA. In...

BRCA1 and BRCA2 Test for Prostate Cancer: Hereditary Risk, DNA Repair, and Variant Meaning

Understand BRCA1 and BRCA2 testing in prostate cancer, including hereditary risk, germline versus somatic variants, VUS meaning, DNA-repair biology, family implications, and targeted treatment options.

BRCA1 and BRCA2 testing can identify inherited or tumor-acquired changes in two major DNA-repair genes that are important in prostate cancer risk, prognosis, and...

Circulating Tumor DNA Test for Prostate Cancer: Mutations, Resistance Markers, and Advanced Disease

Learn how circulating tumor DNA testing works in prostate cancer, which mutations and resistance markers it can detect, how to interpret negative results, and when liquid biopsy helps guide advanced disease treatment.

A circulating tumor DNA test analyzes small fragments of tumor-derived DNA that enter the bloodstream from prostate cancer cells. It is a type of...

Complexed PSA Test: Prostate Cancer Risk, PSA Interpretation, and Follow-Up

Understand what a complexed PSA test measures, what high cPSA can mean, how it differs from total and free PSA, why modern use is limited, and which follow-up tests can clarify prostate cancer risk.

The complexed PSA test measures the portion of prostate-specific antigen that is bound to blood proteins, mainly alpha-1-antichymotrypsin. In men with prostate cancer, a...

ConfirmMDx Test: Prostate Cancer Epigenetic Marker and Repeat Biopsy Risk

Learn how the ConfirmMDx prostate test uses GSTP1, APC, and RASSF1 methylation after a negative biopsy, what positive and negative results mean, and how the assay may help guide repeat biopsy decisions.

ConfirmMDx is a tissue-based molecular test used after a prostate biopsy has been reported as negative for cancer but clinical concern remains. Instead of...

Decipher Prostate Genomic Classifier Test: Genomic Risk Score, Metastasis Risk, and Prognosis

Learn how the Decipher prostate genomic classifier score estimates metastasis and prognosis, how low, intermediate, and high scores are interpreted, and when testing may affect prostate cancer treatment decisions.

The Decipher Prostate Genomic Classifier is a tissue-based genomic test that estimates how biologically aggressive a diagnosed prostate cancer may be. It measures RNA...

ExoDx Prostate Test: Urine Exosome Biomarkers, High-Grade Prostate Cancer Risk, and Meaning

Learn what the ExoDx Prostate urine test measures, how the 15.6 EPI cutoff relates to high-grade prostate cancer risk, and how results guide biopsy decisions.

The ExoDx Prostate test is a urine-based biomarker test used to estimate the chance that a prostate biopsy will find clinically significant prostate cancer....

Free PSA Test: Percent Free PSA, Prostate Cancer Risk, and Result Meaning

Understand the free PSA test, percent free PSA ranges, why lower percentages raise prostate cancer risk, and how results can guide MRI or biopsy decisions.

The free PSA test helps refine prostate cancer risk when a total PSA result is elevated or otherwise difficult to interpret. PSA circulates in...