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What is scleritis?
Scleritis is a serious and potentially blinding inflammatory condition affecting the sclera, the white outer coat of the eye. Unlike more superficial eye inflammations, such as episcleritis, scleritis affects deeper layers of the sclera and, if untreated,...
What is Scleral Staphyloma?
Scleral staphyloma is a rare and serious ocular condition characterized by the abnormal thinning and outward bulging of the sclera, the white, tough outer layer of the eye. This condition results in the formation of a...
Scleral melanocytosis is a rare, benign ocular condition characterized by the presence of slate-gray or bluish pigmentation on the sclera, the white part of the eye. This pigmentation results from an increased number of melanocytes, the cells responsible for...
Scleral icterus, commonly referred to as jaundice of the eyes, is a clinical sign characterized by the yellow discoloration of the sclera—the white part of the eye. This yellowing is due to the accumulation of bilirubin, a yellow pigment...
Scleral ectasia is a rare and serious ocular condition characterized by the abnormal thinning and outward bulging of the sclera, the white, tough, outer layer of the eye that provides structural support and protection. This condition can lead to...
Sarcoidosis is a complex, multisystem inflammatory disease characterized by the formation of tiny clumps of inflammatory cells called granulomas. These granulomas can form in virtually any organ of the body, but they most commonly affect the lungs, lymph nodes,...
What is Retinoschisis?
Retinoschisis is an ocular condition characterized by the splitting of the retina, the light-sensitive layer of tissue located at the back of the eye. The retina is essential for vision, as it captures visual information and transmits...
Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) is a potentially blinding eye disorder that primarily affects premature infants, particularly those born before 31 weeks of gestation and with a birth weight of less than 2.75 pounds (1250 grams). ROP is a disease...
Retinoblastoma is a rare and aggressive form of eye cancer that originates in the retina, the light-sensitive layer of tissue located at the back of the eye. The retina is responsible for capturing visual images and sending them to...
What is retinitis?
Retinitis is a group of inflammatory conditions that affect the retina, the light-sensitive layer in the back of the eye that captures visual information and transmits it to the brain via the optic nerve. The retina is...
Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) is a group of inherited retinal dystrophies characterized by progressive degeneration of the retina's photoreceptor cells, particularly the rods and cones. These photoreceptor cells are responsible for converting light into electrical signals that the brain interprets...
Retinal vein occlusion (RVO) is a common and potentially vision-threatening ocular condition that occurs when one of the veins that transport blood away from the retina becomes clogged. The retina is the light-sensitive layer at the back of the...
Retinal telangiectasia, also known as macular telangiectasia, is a rare, progressive retinal disorder characterized by abnormal dilation and leakage of retinal blood vessels, particularly in the macula, the central part of the retina that is responsible for sharp, detailed...
What is retinal detachment?
Retinal detachment is a serious and potentially blinding ocular condition in which the retina, a thin layer of tissue at the back of the eye, separates from the surrounding supportive tissue. The retina detects light and...
Retinal astrocytic hamartoma is a rare, benign retinal tumor that develops from astrocytes, which are a type of glial cell within the retina. These tumors are usually non-cancerous and linked to genetic conditions, particularly tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) and,...
Retinal artery occlusion (RAO) is a serious and potentially vision-threatening ocular condition that occurs when the blood supply to the retina is suddenly cut off, resulting in ischemia (lack of blood flow) and subsequent damage to retinal tissue. The...
What is recurrent corneal erosion?
Recurrent corneal erosion (RCE) is a painful and often debilitating ocular condition characterized by repeated breakdown or detachment of the corneal epithelium, the cornea's outermost layer. The cornea is the eye's transparent, dome-shaped surface that...
Radiation cataract is a type of cataract caused by exposure to ionizing radiation. Unlike the more common age-related cataracts, which develop gradually as a result of the natural aging process, radiation cataracts are caused by external factors—specifically, exposure to...
Purtscher's Retinopathy is a rare but severe retinal vascular disorder that causes sudden, painless vision loss, usually after trauma, acute pancreatitis, or other systemic conditions. This condition, first described by Dr. Otmar Purtscher in 1910, was initially seen in...
Punctate Inner Choroidopathy (PIC) is a rare inflammatory ocular condition that primarily affects young to middle-aged women, most of whom are myopic (nearsighted). PIC is part of a larger group of conditions known as "white dot syndromes," which are...
Punctal stenosis is defined as the narrowing or complete occlusion of the lacrimal puncta, which are tiny openings on the inner corners of the upper and lower eyelids that drain tears into the tear ducts. This narrowing can cause...
What is ptosis?
Ptosis, also known as blepharoptosis, is a condition defined by abnormal drooping of one or both upper eyelids. This condition can range from minor sagging to complete covering of the pupil, which can obstruct vision. Ptosis can...
Introduction to Pterygium Condition
Pterygium is a harmless growth of the conjunctiva, the transparent tissue that covers the white part of the eye (sclera) and lines the inside of the eyelids. A wing-shaped fibrovascular proliferation that extends onto the cornea,...
What is pseudophakia?
Pseudophakia is the condition of having an artificial intraocular lens (IOL) implanted in the eye following the removal of the natural lens during cataract surgery. The term comes from Greek, where "pseudo" means false and "phakia" refers...
Pseudopapilledema is a condition in which the optic disc appears swollen, similar to true papilledema but without the underlying cause of elevated intracranial pressure (ICP). Pseudopapilledema optic disc swelling is usually benign and caused by congenital or developmental anomalies...
Pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (PXG) is a type of secondary open-angle glaucoma associated with pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PXF or PEX). PXF is a systemic condition characterized by the accumulation of abnormal extracellular fibrillar material in various tissues throughout the body, most notably...
Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is a complex and serious ocular condition that typically develops as a result of retinal detachment surgery. Membranes form on both the retina's surfaces and within the vitreous cavity, resulting in retinal traction, distortion, and redetachment....
What is progressive supranuclear palsy?
Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the gradual deterioration of specific brain regions. This condition primarily affects the brainstem, basal ganglia, and frontal lobes, causing significant movement, balance, and cognitive...
Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is the most common type of glaucoma, a group of eye conditions marked by optic nerve damage and elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). This chronic and progressive condition causes gradual vision loss and, if untreated, can...
What is primary intraocular lymphoma?
Primary intraocular lymphoma (PIOL) is a rare, malignant cancer that develops within the eye. It is a subtype of primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) that usually affects the retina, vitreous, and occasionally the optic...
