Evidence-Based Supplement & Herb Guides

5-HIAA Urine Test: Carcinoid Syndrome, Neuroendocrine Tumors, Serotonin Metabolism, and High Levels

Learn what a 5-HIAA urine test measures, how to prepare for a 24-hour collection, what high levels may mean, and how it helps assess carcinoid syndrome and neuroendocrine tumors.

The 5-HIAA urine test measures 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, the main breakdown product of serotonin, in urine. It is used most often when a clinician suspects...

Bence Jones Protein Urine Test: Multiple Myeloma Marker, Monoclonal Light Chains, and Meaning

Learn what Bence Jones protein in urine means, how monoclonal kappa or lambda light chains are tested, and how results relate to multiple myeloma, kidney risk, and follow-up.

A Bence Jones protein urine test looks for abnormal monoclonal immunoglobulin light chains in urine. These proteins are usually made by a single clone...

Bladder Tumor Antigen STAT Test: Bladder Cancer Screening, Positive Result, and Meaning

Learn what the BTA stat urine test detects, what a positive or negative result means, why false positives occur, and how the test fits with cystoscopy and bladder cancer evaluation.

The BTA stat test is a rapid urine immunoassay used as an adjunctive test for bladder cancer, mainly urothelial carcinoma. It detects bladder tumor...

Bladder Tumor Antigen TRAK Test: Bladder Cancer Monitoring, Recurrence Risk, and Result Meaning

Learn how the quantitative BTA TRAK urine test relates to bladder cancer, what elevated values may mean, why false positives occur, and how it fits into recurrence monitoring.

The BTA TRAK test is a laboratory-based quantitative urine tumor-marker assay developed to help detect and monitor urothelial bladder cancer. It measures bladder tumor...

Cxbladder Test: Bladder Cancer Gene Expression, Risk Score, and Urine Marker Meaning

Learn how Cxbladder urine testing uses gene expression and DNA markers, what Triage, Triage Plus, and Monitor scores mean, and how results fit into bladder cancer evaluation.

Cxbladder is a family of urine-based genomic tests used to estimate the likelihood of urothelial carcinoma, the most common type of bladder cancer. Rather...

ExoDx Prostate Test: Urine Exosome Biomarkers, Prostate Cancer Risk, and Result Meaning

Understand the ExoDx Prostate urine test, including exosome RNA markers, the 15.6 risk cutoff, accuracy, biopsy decisions, MRI use, and result meaning.

The ExoDx Prostate test, also called the ExoDx Prostate IntelliScore or EPI test, is a urine-based molecular test used to estimate the chance of...

ImmunoCyt Test: Bladder Cancer Urine Marker, Fluorescent Antibodies, and Cytology Follow-Up

Learn how the ImmunoCyt/uCyt+ urine test uses fluorescent antibodies to support bladder cancer detection, cytology follow-up, result interpretation, and surveillance decisions.

The ImmunoCyt test, also known as uCyt+ in published studies, is a urine-based immunofluorescence test developed to help detect urothelial cancer cells shed into...

Kidney Cancer Urine Biomarker Panel: KIM-1, Aquaporin-1, Perilipin-2, and Diagnostic Research

Explore KIM-1, aquaporin-1, and perilipin-2 urine biomarker research for kidney cancer, including RCC evidence, limitations, diagnostic accuracy, and current clinical use.

Urine biomarkers such as kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), aquaporin-1 (AQP1), and perilipin-2 (PLIN2) are being studied as noninvasive ways to detect renal cell carcinoma,...

NMP22 Urine Test: Bladder Cancer Marker, High Levels, and Recurrence Monitoring

Understand the NMP22 urine test for bladder cancer, including the 10 U/mL cutoff, high results, false positives, BladderChek accuracy, and recurrence monitoring.

The NMP22 urine test looks for nuclear matrix protein 22, a protein-related signal that can increase in urine when urothelial cells are turning over...

PCA3 Urine Test: Prostate Cancer Risk, PSA Follow-Up, Repeat Biopsy, and Meaning

Understand the PCA3 urine test, including post-DRE collection, the historical score cutoff of 25, repeat-biopsy use, PSA follow-up, limitations, and current availability.

The PCA3 urine test measures prostate cancer antigen 3 RNA, a prostate-associated long noncoding RNA that is often produced at much higher levels in...

SelectMDx Urine Test: Prostate Cancer Risk, Gene Markers, and Result Meaning

Understand what the SelectMDx urine test measures, how HOXC6 and DLX1 gene markers affect prostate cancer risk estimates, and what positive or negative results may mean.

The SelectMDx urine test estimates the chance that a prostate biopsy would find prostate cancer, especially clinically significant cancer that is more likely to...

Urine BTA Test: Bladder Tumor Antigen, Positive Result, and Bladder Cancer Risk

Learn what a urine BTA test detects, how BTA stat and BTA TRAK differ, what a positive result can mean, and why infection, blood, or stones can cause false positives.

A urine BTA test looks for bladder tumor antigen–related proteins in urine to help detect or monitor bladder cancer. The best-known versions are BTA...

Urine Catecholamines Test: Neuroendocrine Tumors, Adrenal Tumors, High Levels, and Meaning

Learn what a urine catecholamines test measures, why epinephrine, norepinephrine, or dopamine may be high, how tumors affect results, and why metanephrines are often preferred.

A urine catecholamines test measures epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine released into urine, usually over 24 hours. It can help evaluate disorders that produce excess...

Urine Cytology Test: Cancer Cells, Bladder Cancer, Atypical Cells, and Result Meaning

Learn how urine cytology detects cancer cells, what atypical urothelial cells mean, why negative cytology can miss low-grade bladder cancer, and what follow-up may be needed.

A urine cytology test examines cells shed into urine to look for changes that suggest high-grade urothelial cancer, especially bladder cancer and carcinoma in...

Urine Free Light Chains Test: Multiple Myeloma, Bence Jones Protein, and Kidney Risk

Learn how urine free kappa and lambda light chains relate to Bence Jones protein, multiple myeloma, kidney injury, and why serum FLC and immunofixation often guide interpretation.

A urine free light chains test looks for kappa (κ) and lambda (λ) immunoglobulin light chains that pass from the blood into urine. An...

Urine Immunofixation Test: Monoclonal Protein, Light Chain Type, Myeloma, and Result Meaning

Learn what urine immunofixation detects, how monoclonal kappa or lambda light chains relate to Bence Jones protein and myeloma, and what positive or negative results mean.

A urine immunofixation test looks for a monoclonal immunoglobulin protein in urine and identifies its type, especially free kappa or free lambda light chains....

Urine Metanephrines Test: Pheochromocytoma, Paraganglioma, High Levels, and Adrenal Tumors

Learn how a 24-hour urine metanephrines test detects pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma, what high or borderline results mean, and how collection and medications affect accuracy.

A urine metanephrines test measures breakdown products of the stress hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine, usually in a 24-hour urine collection. It is one of...

Urine Tumor Marker Test Panel: Bladder Cancer Markers, Kidney Cancer Markers, and Urine Biomarkers

Understand urine tumor marker panels for bladder and kidney cancer, including NMP22, BTA, UroVysion, molecular tests, KIM-1, result meaning, and limitations.

A urine tumor marker test panel is not one universal cancer test. The phrase can describe several different assays that look for abnormal cells,...

UroVysion FISH Test: Bladder Cancer Chromosome Markers, Positive Result, and Cytology Follow-Up

Learn what the UroVysion FISH urine test measures, including chromosomes 3, 7, 17 and 9p21, what positive or negative results mean, and how cytology follow-up works.

The UroVysion FISH test examines cells shed into urine for chromosome changes associated with urothelial cancer, especially bladder cancer. Unlike urine cytology, which depends...

Xpert Bladder Cancer Monitor Test: Urine Gene Markers, Recurrence Monitoring, and Result Meaning

Understand the Xpert Bladder Cancer Monitor urine test, its five mRNA gene markers, positive and negative result meaning, recurrence accuracy, and role alongside cystoscopy.

The Xpert Bladder Cancer Monitor test is a urine-based molecular assay designed to help detect recurrent urothelial cancer in people who have already been...