Insufficiency of pulmonary valve: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options
Insufficiency of the pulmonary valve (often called pulmonary valve leakage) means the valve between the right side of the heart and the lung artery...
Insufficiency of the tricuspid valve: Risk Factors, Early Signs, and Complications
Insufficiency of the tricuspid valve—often called tricuspid regurgitation (blood leaks backward)—means the valve between the right upper and right lower chambers of the heart...
Interatrial block: Causes, Risk Factors, and Stroke Prevention Basics
Interatrial block is a heart rhythm finding that tells us the electrical signal is taking longer than usual to travel from the right upper...
Interatrial septal aneurysm: Causes, diagnosis, and treatment options
An interatrial septal aneurysm is a “floppy” area in the wall that separates the heart’s upper chambers. It usually sits where a small opening...
Interatrial septal defect: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Modern Closure Options
An interatrial septal defect (often called an atrial septal defect, or ASD) is a gap in the wall between the heart’s two upper chambers....
Intermittent claudication: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Proven Treatments
Intermittent claudication is a warning signal from the legs: walking brings on a tight, cramping, or aching pain—then rest makes it fade. Many people...
Intermittent complete heart block: Causes, Risk Factors, and What It Means
Intermittent complete heart block can feel like your body “cuts out” for a moment—lightheadedness, a pause in awareness, or sudden weakness that comes and...
Interrupted aortic arch: Symptoms, Emergency Signs, and Treatment
Interrupted aortic arch is a rare heart defect present at birth in which the main “highway” carrying blood from the heart to the body...
Interventricular conduction block: Bundle Branch Block Types, Symptoms, and Risks
Interventricular conduction block is a finding that tells you the heart’s electrical “wiring” is delivering the signal to the pumping chambers more slowly or...
Interventricular septal aneurysm: What It Means, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment
An interventricular septal aneurysm is a bulging “pouch” in the wall that separates the heart’s two pumping chambers. It is most often found by...
Intra-atrial reentrant tachycardia: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options
Intra-atrial reentrant tachycardia is a fast, repeating heartbeat pattern that starts in the upper chambers of the heart. For some people it feels like...
Intracardiac mass: Thrombus vs Tumor vs Vegetation, Symptoms, and Risks
An intracardiac mass is a broad term that simply means “something seen inside the heart” on imaging—most often on an echocardiogram (ultrasound of the...
Intracardiac shunt: Types, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options
An intracardiac shunt is an opening or pathway that lets blood move between the right and left sides of the heart when it normally...
Intracardiac thrombus: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment
An intracardiac thrombus is a blood clot inside the heart. It can form quietly and be found by chance, or it can cause sudden,...
Intracranial arterial dissection, Causes, Risk Factors, Warning Signs, and Management
Intracranial arterial dissection happens when a small tear forms inside an artery within the skull, allowing blood to track into the vessel wall and...
Intramural aortic hematoma, symptoms, diagnosis, and emergency treatment
An intramural aortic hematoma is a dangerous type of “bruise” inside the wall of the aorta—the body’s main artery. Instead of blood flowing only...