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Understand the 1-mg low-dose dexamethasone suppression test, the common cortisol cutoff of 1.8 mcg/dL, causes of nonsuppression, and the follow-up used for Cushing screening.

Low-Dose Dexamethasone Suppression Test: Cushing Syndrome Screening and Results

Learn how an 8–9 a.m. cortisol test screens for adrenal insufficiency, what low and intermediate results mean, how ACTH helps identify the cause, and when stimulation testing is needed.

Morning Cortisol Test: Low Levels, Adrenal Insufficiency, and Results

Learn how a pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma panel uses plasma or urine metanephrines, normetanephrine, catecholamines, and controlled collection to interpret abnormal results.

Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma Test Panel: Metanephrines, Normetanephrine, Catecholamines, and Results

Learn what plasma epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine results mean, why collection posture matters, common causes of high values, and when metanephrine testing is preferred.

Plasma Catecholamines Test: Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Dopamine, and Results

Learn how plasma free metanephrine and normetanephrine testing screens for pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma, why supine rest matters, and how high or borderline results are evaluated.

Plasma Free Metanephrines Test: Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma Screening, High Levels, and Results

Learn what a high plasma normetanephrine result means, why supine rest matters, common false-positive causes, when clonidine testing is used, and how PPGL evaluation proceeds.

Plasma Normetanephrine Test: High Levels, Pheochromocytoma Screening, and Results

Diagnostics

Home Diagnostics

Learn how aldosterone, renin, potassium, and the ARR screen for primary aldosteronism, how medicines affect results, and when confirmation, CT, or adrenal vein sampling is needed.

Primary Aldosteronism Test Panel: Aldosterone, Renin, Potassium, ARR, and Results

Learn what high or low renin means, how PRA differs from direct renin, how aldosterone and potassium complete the pattern, and why medicines and posture affect the ARR.

Renin Blood Test: High, Low, Normal Range, Aldosterone Ratio, and Results

Learn how salivary cortisol reflects the daily rhythm, when late-night testing screens for Cushing syndrome, why stress panels have limits, and what high, low, or flat results may mean.

Salivary Cortisol Test: Cortisol Rhythm, Cushing Screening, Stress Hormone, and Results

Learn how a 24-hour urine catecholamines test measures epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine, why collection quality matters, and when metanephrine testing is preferred.

Urine Catecholamines Test: Adrenal Tumor Screening and Results

Learn how 22q11.2 deletion syndrome genetic testing works, what positive, negative, prenatal, and family results mean, and which follow-up evaluations may be needed.

22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome Genetic Test: DiGeorge Syndrome and Results

Understand how amniocentesis tests fetal chromosomes and DNA, when it is offered, how the procedure works, what results mean, and the risks and alternatives.

Amniocentesis Genetic Test: Chromosomes, DNA, Diagnosis, and Results

Learn how cell-free DNA prenatal screening works, what low-chance, high-chance, no-call, and atypical results mean, and when CVS or amniocentesis is needed.

Cell-Free DNA (cfDNA) Prenatal Test: Fetal Chromosome Screening and Results

Learn how CFTR testing helps diagnose congenital absence of the vas deferens, how to read results, why partner testing matters, and which fertility options are available.

CFTR Genetic Test for Male Infertility: Congenital Absence of the Vas...

Learn how chorionic villus sampling provides early prenatal diagnosis, how CVS is performed, what normal, abnormal, uncertain, and mosaic results mean, and when amniocentesis may be needed.

Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS) Genetic Test: Prenatal Diagnosis and Results

Understand Down syndrome genetic testing, including trisomy 21 screening, CVS and amniocentesis diagnosis, chromosome results, recurrence, and next steps.

Down Syndrome Genetic Test: Trisomy 21 Screening, Diagnosis, and Results

Learn how Edwards syndrome genetic testing screens for and diagnoses trisomy 18, how results are reported, and what they mean for care and recurrence.

Edwards Syndrome Genetic Test: Trisomy 18 Screening, Diagnosis, and Results

Understand embryo genetic testing in IVF, including PGT-A, PGT-M, PGT-SR, biopsy, mosaic results, limitations, embryo transfer, and prenatal confirmation.

Embryo Genetic Testing: IVF, Chromosomes, Mutations, and Results

Understand fetal aneuploidy testing for trisomy, monosomy, chromosome risk, screening results, diagnostic confirmation, mosaicism, and next steps.

Fetal Aneuploidy Test: Trisomy, Monosomy, Chromosome Risk, and Results

Understand first-trimester screening for Down syndrome risk, including PAPP-A, hCG, nuchal translucency, result ratios, limitations, and follow-up options.

First-Trimester Screening Test: Down Syndrome Risk, PAPP-A, hCG, and Results

Understand infertility karyotype testing, including chromosome abnormalities, male and female findings, result notation, limitations, and reproductive options.

Karyotype Test for Infertility: Chromosome Abnormalities and Results

Understand Klinefelter syndrome genetic testing, including 47,XXY and mosaic results, prenatal confirmation, hormone follow-up, fertility options, and next steps.

Klinefelter Syndrome Genetic Test: XXY Chromosomes, Diagnosis, and Results

Learn how the maternal serum AFP test screens for open neural tube defects, how MoM results are calculated, why AFP may be high, and what follow-up involves.

Maternal Serum AFP Test: Neural Tube Defect Risk and Pregnancy Results

Understand newborn cystic fibrosis screening, including IRT, CFTR variant results, sweat chloride confirmation, carrier findings, and CRMS/CFSPID follow-up.

Newborn Cystic Fibrosis Screening Test: IRT, CFTR, and Results

Understand newborn SCID screening, including TREC results, causes of low T cells, confirmatory flow cytometry, urgent precautions, genetic testing, and treatment.

Newborn SCID Screening Test: TREC, Immune Deficiency, and Results

Understand newborn screening for inherited metabolic disorders, including blood-spot markers, abnormal results, time-critical follow-up, confirmatory tests, and genetics.

Newborn Screening Genetic Test: Inherited Metabolic Disorders and Results

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