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Learn how HLA-DR and CD38 flow cytometry measures activated T cells, what high results may mean, why ranges vary, and how clinicians plan follow-up.

Activated T-Cell Marker Test: HLA-DR, CD38, Immune Activation, and Inflammation

Understand how CD19 and CD20 B-cell counts are measured, why results may be high or low, how anti-CD20 therapy affects them, and which follow-up tests assess antibody function.

B-Cell Count Test: CD19, CD20, Immune Function, and Antibody Production

Learn what a CD4 count measures, how HIV affects helper T cells, what common ranges and thresholds mean, why results fluctuate, and how the test guides monitoring and infection prevention.

CD4 Count Test: Helper T Cells, Immune Function, HIV Monitoring, and Meaning

Learn how the CD4/CD8 ratio is calculated, what low or high results may mean, why an inverted ratio is nonspecific, and how the test adds context in HIV and immune monitoring.

CD4/CD8 Ratio Test: Immune Balance, High and Low Ratio, and Meaning

Learn what a CD8 count measures, why cytotoxic T-cell numbers may rise or fall, how viral infections affect results, and why cell quantity does not equal antiviral function.

CD8 Count Test: Cytotoxic T Cells, Immune Function, and Viral Response

Understand what a chemokine panel measures, why immune-signaling and cell-migration markers rise or fall, and how specialists interpret patterns and limitations.

Chemokine Panel Test: Immune Signaling, Inflammation, and Cell Migration Markers

Diagnostics

Home Diagnostics

Learn what a cytokine panel measures, how IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-alpha, and interferon-gamma patterns are interpreted, and why results require clinical context.

Cytokine Panel Test: IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-Alpha, Interferon-Gamma, and Immune Activation

Understand how IL-6, ferritin, CRP, D-dimer, blood counts, and clotting tests help evaluate cytokine storm, CRS, HLH, MAS, and severe inflammation.

Cytokine Storm Blood Test Panel: IL-6, Ferritin, CRP, D-Dimer, and Severe...

Learn how a flow cytometry immune panel counts T cells, B cells, and NK cells, what abnormal patterns may mean, and why function, age, and context matter.

Flow Cytometry Immune Panel: Lymphocyte Markers, Immune Cells, and Immune Deficiency

Understand what a GM-CSF test measures, why high or low levels are difficult to interpret, and how anti-GM-CSF antibodies differ in pulmonary alveolar proteinosis.

Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) Test: Immune Activation and Inflammation

Understand what an interferon-alpha test measures, why IFN-α or interferon signatures may be high or low, and how specialists interpret antiviral and inflammatory results.

Interferon-Alpha Test: Antiviral Immune Activity and Inflammation Meaning

Learn how serum interferon-gamma tests, IFN-γ release assays, and anti-IFN-γ antibody tests differ, and what high, low, positive, or indeterminate results may mean.

Interferon-Gamma Test: Immune Activation, Infection Response, and T-Cell Activity

Learn what an IL-1β test measures, why levels may be high or undetectable, how inflammasomes release IL-1 beta, and how specialists evaluate autoinflammatory disease.

Interleukin-1 Beta (IL-1β) Test: Inflammation, Immune Activation, and Autoinflammatory Disease

Understand what an IL-2 test measures, why serum and stimulated results differ, what high or low values may mean, and which immune tests provide useful follow-up.

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) Test: T-Cell Activation, Immune Response, and Meaning

Understand what an IL-4 test measures, how it relates to Th2 immunity, allergy, asthma, and eczema, and why high or low results need method-specific clinical interpretation.

Interleukin-4 (IL-4) Test: Allergy, Th2 Immune Response, and Immune Signaling

Learn what an IL-5 test measures, how it relates to eosinophils, asthma, allergy, and eosinophilic disease, and why high or low results require clinical context.

Interleukin-5 (IL-5) Test: Eosinophilic Inflammation, Allergy, Asthma, and Meaning

Understand what an IL-6 test measures, why levels rise in infection and inflammation, how timing and treatment affect results, and which follow-up tests add clinical meaning.

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) Test: High Levels, Inflammation, Cytokine Activity, and Immune Response

Understand what an IL-8 or CXCL8 test measures, how it directs neutrophil inflammation, why high levels are nonspecific, and which follow-up tests clarify infection and tissue injury.

Interleukin-8 (IL-8) Test: Neutrophil Inflammation, Infection Response, and Meaning

Understand what an IL-10 test measures, why interleukin-10 may be high or undetectable, and how this regulatory cytokine is interpreted in inflammation, infection, autoimmunity, and cancer.

Interleukin-10 (IL-10) Test: Immune Regulation, Inflammation Control, and Meaning

Learn what an IL-12 test measures, how IL-12p70 differs from p40 and IL-23, and what high, low, or undetectable results may mean for T-cell and infection responses.

Interleukin-12 (IL-12) Test: Immune Activation, T-Cell Response, and Meaning

Learn what an IL-17 test measures, how IL-17A and Th17 cells affect autoimmune inflammation and Candida defense, and what high, low, or undetectable results may mean.

Interleukin-17 (IL-17) Test: Autoimmune Inflammation, Th17 Response, and Meaning

Understand total and free IL-18 testing, why interleukin-18 may be extremely high in Still disease, MAS, or autoinflammation, and how results guide urgent follow-up.

Interleukin-18 (IL-18) Test: Inflammation, Macrophage Activation, and Hyperinflammation

Learn what an IL-23 test measures, how the Th17 pathway affects autoimmune inflammation, why high or low results are limited, and how related diseases are evaluated.

Interleukin-23 (IL-23) Test: Autoimmune Inflammation, Th17 Pathway, and Meaning

Learn how lymphocyte proliferation tests measure T-cell division, why mitogen and antigen responses differ, what low results mean, and how specimen handling affects accuracy.

Lymphocyte Proliferation Test: T-Cell Function, Mitogen Response, and Immune Deficiency

Understand how a lymphocyte subset panel measures T, B, and NK cells, why absolute counts and percentages differ, and how CD4/CD8 patterns guide immune evaluation.

Lymphocyte Subset Panel: T Cells, B Cells, NK Cells, CD4/CD8 Ratio,...

Learn how a macrophage activation syndrome blood test panel uses ferritin, blood counts, fibrinogen, liver tests, IL-18, and cytokine markers to detect dangerous hyperinflammation.

Macrophage Activation Syndrome Blood Test Panel: Ferritin, IL-18, Cytokines, and Hyperinflammation

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