Evidence-Based Supplement & Herb Guides

HPV 16 and HPV 18 Test: Cervical Cancer Risk, High-Risk Genotypes, and Meaning

Learn what positive and negative HPV 16 and HPV 18 results mean, why these high-risk genotypes raise cervical cancer risk, and when colposcopy or other follow-up is recommended.

HPV 16 and HPV 18 testing identifies two high-risk human papillomavirus genotypes that account for a large share of cervical cancers. A positive result...

HPV Test for Cervical Cancer: High-Risk HPV Types, Screening, and Follow-Up

Learn how high-risk HPV testing is used for cervical cancer screening, what positive and negative results mean, which HPV genotypes carry higher risk, and how colposcopy, cytology, and dual stain guide follow-up.

A high-risk HPV test checks a cervical or approved vaginal sample for human papillomavirus types that can cause cervical precancer and cancer. It is...

HRD Test for Ovarian Cancer: Homologous Recombination Deficiency, DNA Repair, and Genomic Score

Learn how HRD testing in ovarian cancer evaluates homologous recombination repair, BRCA mutations, genomic scars and instability scores, and how HRD results can influence PARP inhibitor treatment decisions.

An HRD test looks for evidence that an ovarian cancer has lost an important DNA-repair pathway called homologous recombination. Tumors with homologous recombination deficiency,...

Inhibin A Test for Ovarian Cancer: Granulosa Cell Tumor Marker and Monitoring

Learn how inhibin A is used as a granulosa cell tumor marker, what high and normal results can mean, why inhibin B is often more sensitive, and how serial inhibin A levels can support long-term ovarian cancer monitoring.

An inhibin A blood test can help evaluate and monitor ovarian granulosa cell tumors, a rare group of sex cord-stromal tumors that can produce...

Inhibin B Test for Ovarian Cancer: Granulosa Cell Tumor Marker, Recurrence, and Monitoring

Learn how inhibin B is used to detect and monitor ovarian granulosa cell tumors, what high results can mean, how the marker can signal recurrence, and why serial trends and menopausal status matter.

Inhibin B is one of the most useful blood tumor markers for ovarian granulosa cell tumors, especially adult-type granulosa cell tumors. It is a...

Ki-67 Test for Cervical Dysplasia: Cell Proliferation Marker and CIN Evaluation

Learn how Ki-67 staining reflects abnormal cervical cell proliferation, how p16/Ki-67 dual stain helps triage high-risk HPV results, and how Ki-67 relates to CIN1, CIN2, CIN3, colposcopy, and follow-up.

Ki-67 is a protein found in cells that are actively dividing. In cervical dysplasia, pathologists can use Ki-67 staining to show abnormal cell proliferation,...

LDH Test for Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors: Dysgerminoma Marker, High Levels, and Tumor Burden

Learn how LDH is used as a dysgerminoma marker in ovarian germ cell tumors, what high levels can mean, how LDH relates to tumor burden, and why AFP, beta-hCG, imaging, and serial trends are essential for interpretation.

Lactate dehydrogenase, or LDH, is a blood test that can help evaluate and monitor ovarian dysgerminoma, the most common malignant ovarian germ cell tumor....

MMR IHC Test for Endometrial Cancer: Lynch Syndrome Screening, Mismatch Repair, and IHC Loss

Learn how MMR IHC testing in endometrial cancer evaluates MLH1, PMS2, MSH2, and MSH6, what protein-loss patterns mean, how Lynch syndrome screening works, and why dMMR status can affect molecular classification and immunotherapy.

Mismatch repair immunohistochemistry, or MMR IHC, is a tumor-tissue test that checks whether four DNA-repair proteins—MLH1, PMS2, MSH2, and MSH6—are present in endometrial cancer...

OVA1 Test: Ovarian Cancer Risk, Biomarker Score, and Result Meaning

Understand what an OVA1 score means, including the five biomarkers, premenopausal and postmenopausal cutoffs, limitations, accuracy, and next steps for an ovarian mass.

The OVA1 test is a blood-based risk assessment used before surgery in certain adults who already have an ovarian or adnexal mass. It combines...

Ovarian Cancer Biomarker Panel: CA-125, HE4, ROMA, BRCA, HRD, and Tumor Profile

An ovarian cancer biomarker panel is not one fixed laboratory test. It is a group of blood, inherited-gene, and tumor tests chosen for different...

Ovarian Cancer ctDNA Test: Recurrence Monitoring, MRD, Mutation Detection, and Tumor DNA

Learn how ovarian cancer ctDNA tests detect tumor DNA, assess MRD, monitor recurrence, identify mutations, and why results need clinical context.

An ovarian cancer circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) test looks for fragments of tumor-derived DNA in blood. It is a type of liquid biopsy that...

Overa Test: Ovarian Cancer Risk Assessment and Biomarker Score Meaning

Learn what the Overa ovarian cancer risk test measures, how its 0-to-10 biomarker score and 5.0 cutoff are interpreted, and what high or low results mean before surgery.

The Overa test is a blood-based multivariate index assay used before surgery in women with an adnexal or ovarian mass. It combines five serum...

p16 IHC Test for Cervical Cancer: HPV-Related Tumor Marker, Dysplasia, and Positive Staining

Learn what p16 IHC means in cervical biopsies, how block-positive staining supports HPV-related HSIL, and how p16 differs from HPV testing and p16/Ki-67 dual stain.

The p16 immunohistochemistry (IHC) test is a tissue stain that helps pathologists recognize cervical cells affected by transforming high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) activity. In...

p53 Test for Endometrial Cancer: Tumor Subtype, Abnormal Staining, and Prognosis

Learn how p53 IHC classifies endometrial cancer, what wild-type, overexpression, null, and cytoplasmic patterns mean, and why p53-abnormal tumors carry higher risk on average.

The p53 test for endometrial cancer is usually an immunohistochemistry (IHC) stain performed on tumor tissue to help classify the cancer’s molecular subtype. p53...

POLE Mutation Test for Endometrial Cancer: Molecular Subtype, Prognosis, and Mutation Meaning

Learn how POLE mutation testing classifies endometrial cancer, which exonuclease-domain variants matter, and what POLE-mutated results mean for prognosis and treatment.

A POLE mutation test for endometrial cancer looks for specific pathogenic changes in the exonuclease, or proofreading, domain of the POLE gene. When a...

RAD51C and RAD51D Test for Ovarian Cancer: Hereditary Risk, DNA Repair, and Variant Meaning

Learn what RAD51C and RAD51D ovarian cancer genetic tests mean, including hereditary risk, pathogenic variants, VUS results, preventive surgery, HRD biology, and family testing.

A RAD51C and RAD51D test looks for inherited or tumor-acquired changes in two genes that help repair double-strand DNA breaks through homologous recombination. Pathogenic...