Evidence-Based Supplement & Herb Guides

MyoD1 IHC Test: Rhabdomyosarcoma Marker, Sarcoma Diagnosis, and Positive Staining

Understand what a positive MyoD1 IHC stain means in rhabdomyosarcoma and sarcoma diagnosis, including nuclear staining, myogenin and desmin, MYOD1 mutation testing, and key limitations.

MyoD1 immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a tissue stain used to identify skeletal-muscle differentiation in tumors. MyoD1 is a myogenic regulatory transcription factor, so the diagnostically...

Myogenin IHC Test: Rhabdomyosarcoma Marker, Skeletal Muscle Differentiation, and Positive Staining

Learn what positive myogenin IHC means in rhabdomyosarcoma, including nuclear staining, skeletal-muscle differentiation, subtype patterns, MyoD1 and desmin comparisons, and molecular testing limits.

Myogenin immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a nuclear tissue stain used to demonstrate skeletal-muscle differentiation in tumors. The myogenin protein, encoded by the MYOG gene, is...

Napsin A IHC Test: Lung Adenocarcinoma Marker, Tumor Origin, and Positive Staining

Napsin A immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a tissue stain commonly used to support a diagnosis of lung adenocarcinoma and to help evaluate the likely origin...

OCT4 IHC Test: Germ Cell Tumor Marker, Seminoma, Embryonal Carcinoma, and Positive Staining

Learn what an OCT4 IHC test means, how nuclear OCT4 staining supports seminoma or embryonal carcinoma, and why marker panels are needed for diagnosis.

The OCT4 IHC test is a tissue stain that helps pathologists identify certain germ cell tumors, especially seminoma and embryonal carcinoma. OCT4, also called...

p40 IHC Test: Squamous Cell Carcinoma Marker, Lung Tumor Typing, and Positive Staining

Learn what a p40 IHC test shows, why nuclear p40 supports squamous cell carcinoma, how it helps type lung tumors, and what positive or negative staining means.

The p40 immunohistochemistry (IHC) test is a tissue stain that helps pathologists identify squamous differentiation, especially when classifying poorly differentiated lung cancers. p40 is...

p53 IHC Test: Tumor Suppressor Marker, Abnormal Staining, and Cancer Subtype

Learn how p53 IHC is interpreted, what wild-type, overexpression, null, and cytoplasmic patterns mean, and how p53 helps classify tumors and infer TP53 status.

The p53 immunohistochemistry (IHC) test is a tissue stain that shows the pattern of p53 protein expression in tumor cells. Pathologists often use that...

p63 IHC Test: Squamous Cell Cancer, Urothelial Cancer, Tumor Origin, and Staining Meaning

Learn what p63 IHC staining means in squamous and urothelial cancer, how p63 highlights myoepithelial cells, and why p40 and other markers may be needed.

The p63 immunohistochemistry (IHC) test is a tissue stain used to identify a nuclear protein associated with basal cells, squamous differentiation, urothelial differentiation, and...

Pancytokeratin IHC Test: Epithelial Tumors, Carcinoma Marker, and Positive Staining

Learn what pancytokeratin IHC positive staining means, how broad keratin stains help identify carcinoma, and why additional markers are needed to determine tumor origin.

Pancytokeratin immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a broad tissue stain used to look for keratin proteins that are typical of epithelial cells. In a poorly differentiated...

PAX5 IHC Test: B-Cell Lymphoma Marker, B-Cell Lineage, and Tumor Classification

Learn how PAX5 IHC identifies B-cell lineage, what positive nuclear staining means in lymphoma, and why PAX5 must be interpreted with a full immunophenotypic panel.

The PAX5 IHC test is a tissue stain used mainly to identify B-cell lineage in lymphomas and other hematolymphoid neoplasms. PAX5 is a nuclear...

PAX8 IHC Test: Ovarian, Kidney, Thyroid Cancer Marker, and Tumor Origin

Learn what PAX8 IHC positive staining means and how PAX8 helps identify ovarian, kidney, and thyroid tumor origin when interpreted with a focused marker panel.

PAX8 immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a tissue stain that helps pathologists recognize tumors with Müllerian, renal, or thyroid follicular-cell differentiation. The PAX8 protein is a...

PLAP IHC Test: Germ Cell Tumor Marker, Seminoma Pattern, and Positive Staining

Understand what PLAP IHC positivity means, how PLAP supports seminoma and other germ cell tumors, and why modern marker panels are needed for accurate diagnosis.

The PLAP IHC test detects placental alkaline phosphatase-related protein in tissue and is used mainly as a supporting marker for germ cell tumors. PLAP...

Progesterone Receptor (PR) IHC Test: Breast Cancer Hormone Receptor Status and Positive Score

Learn how progesterone receptor (PR) IHC is scored in breast cancer, what PR positive and negative results mean, and how PR fits with ER and HER2 status.

The progesterone receptor (PR) immunohistochemistry (IHC) test measures PR protein in the nuclei of breast cancer cells. It is usually performed with estrogen receptor...

S100 IHC Test: Melanoma, Nerve Sheath Tumor Marker, and Positive Staining

Learn what S100 IHC positive staining means in melanoma and nerve sheath tumors, why S100 is sensitive but not specific, and which companion markers help confirm diagnosis.

The S100 immunohistochemistry (IHC) test is a sensitive tissue stain used in the diagnosis of melanoma, peripheral nerve sheath tumors, and several other neoplasms....

SALL4 IHC Test: Germ Cell Tumor Marker, Embryonal Pattern, and Positive Staining

Learn what SALL4 IHC positive nuclear staining means, which germ cell tumors express SALL4, key mimics, companion markers, and common interpretation pitfalls.

SALL4 immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a tissue stain used mainly to support germ cell differentiation in a tumor. SALL4 is a nuclear transcription factor associated...

SATB2 IHC Test: Colorectal Cancer Marker, Lower GI Tumor Origin, and Positive Staining

Understand SATB2 IHC positive staining, how it supports colorectal or lower-GI origin, why some tumors are negative, and which marker panels improve accuracy.

SATB2 immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a tissue stain that helps pathologists recognize colorectal and other lower gastrointestinal differentiation in a tumor. SATB2 is a nuclear...

SMAD4 IHC Test: Pancreatic Cancer Marker, Tumor Suppressor Loss, and Meaning

Learn what SMAD4 or DPC4 IHC loss means in pancreatic cancer, how retained and lost staining are interpreted, limitations, prognosis, and panel use.

SMAD4 immunohistochemistry (IHC), also called DPC4 IHC, is a tissue stain that shows whether tumor cells retain or lose detectable SMAD4 protein. SMAD4 is...