Evidence-Based Supplement & Herb Guides

ALK IHC Test: ALK Protein Expression, Lung Cancer, Lymphoma, and Fusion Screening

Learn what an ALK IHC test detects, how ALK positivity is interpreted in lung cancer and lymphoma, and when FISH or NGS is used to confirm an ALK fusion.

ALK immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a tissue stain that detects abnormal expression of anaplastic lymphoma kinase protein. Its meaning depends heavily on the tumor being...

Arginase-1 IHC Test: Liver Cancer Marker, Hepatocellular Differentiation, and Tumor Origin

Learn how the arginase-1 IHC test supports hepatocellular carcinoma, what positive staining means, and how it helps distinguish liver origin from metastatic tumors.

Arginase-1 immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a tissue stain used mainly to show hepatocellular differentiation—evidence that tumor cells resemble liver hepatocytes. It is one of the...

BCL2 IHC Test: Lymphoma Marker, Positive Staining, and Prognosis Meaning

Learn what BCL2 IHC positivity means in follicular lymphoma and DLBCL, how BCL2 relates to MYC, and why protein expression is different from a gene rearrangement.

BCL2 immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a tissue stain that detects the anti-apoptotic BCL2 protein in lymphoid cells. Pathologists use it most often when classifying B-cell...

BCL6 IHC Test: Lymphoma Marker, Germinal Center Pattern, and Positive Staining

Learn what BCL6 IHC positive staining means, how BCL6 identifies germinal-center patterns in lymphoma, and why BCL6 protein expression differs from gene rearrangement.

BCL6 immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a tissue stain used mainly to identify germinal-center differentiation in lymphoid cells. The BCL6 protein is a nuclear transcription factor...

Calretinin IHC Test: Mesothelioma Marker, Tumor Origin, and Positive Staining

Learn what calretinin IHC positive staining means, how it supports mesothelioma and mesothelial origin, and why BAP1, MTAP, and carcinoma markers are often needed.

Calretinin immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a tissue stain used most often to support mesothelial differentiation, especially when a pleural, peritoneal, or other serosal tumor could...

CD3 IHC Test: T-Cell Lymphoma Marker, T-Cell Lineage, and Positive Staining

Learn what CD3 IHC positive staining means, how CD3 supports T-cell lineage, and why reactive T cells, antigen loss, and NK/T-cell lymphoma can complicate interpretation.

CD3 immunohistochemistry (IHC) is one of the most widely used tissue stains for identifying T-cell lineage. In a normal lymph node, CD3 highlights T...

CD10 IHC Test: Follicular Lymphoma, Germinal Center Marker, and Positive Staining

Learn what a positive CD10 IHC result means in follicular lymphoma and other lymphomas, how germinal center staining is interpreted, and why companion tests matter.

CD10 immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a tissue stain that helps pathologists identify cells with germinal center B-cell differentiation. It is commonly used when evaluating follicular...

CD15 IHC Test: Hodgkin Lymphoma Marker, Positive Staining, and Tumor Classification

Learn how CD15 IHC is used in classic Hodgkin lymphoma, what positive and negative staining mean, and how CD30, PAX5, CD20, and other markers guide classification.

CD15 immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a tissue stain best known for helping identify classic Hodgkin lymphoma. In that setting, Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells often express...

CD20 IHC Test: B-Cell Lymphoma Marker, B-Cell Lineage, and Positive Staining

Learn what CD20-positive IHC staining means, how it supports B-cell lymphoma lineage, why some B-cell tumors are CD20 negative, and how CD20 can relate to targeted therapy.

CD20 immunohistochemistry (IHC) is one of the most widely used tissue stains for identifying mature B cells and B-cell lymphomas. A positive result can...

CD30 IHC Test: Hodgkin Lymphoma, T-Cell Lymphoma, and Positive Staining

Understand what a CD30 IHC test shows, how positive staining is interpreted in Hodgkin lymphoma and T-cell lymphoma, and why CD30 results require a full pathology panel.

CD30 immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a tissue test that shows whether cells in a biopsy express the CD30 protein. Pathologists use the staining pattern together...

CD34 IHC Test: Leukemia, Vascular Tumors, Stem Cell Marker, and Positive Staining

Learn what CD34 IHC positivity means in bone marrow, leukemia, vascular tumors, and soft-tissue tumors, including staining patterns, pitfalls, and follow-up tests.

CD34 immunohistochemistry (IHC) detects the CD34 protein in tissue and is used mainly to identify hematopoietic precursor cells, blood-vessel endothelium, and a range of...

CD45 IHC Test: Leukocyte Common Antigen, Lymphoma Marker, and Tumor Origin

Understand CD45 (leukocyte common antigen) IHC, what positive or negative staining means, how it helps identify lymphoma, and why marker panels are essential.

CD45 immunohistochemistry (IHC), also called leukocyte common antigen or LCA staining, detects a protein expressed on most nucleated blood and immune cells. Pathologists use...

CD56 IHC Test: Neuroendocrine Tumor, NK Cell Tumor, and Positive Staining

Learn what CD56 IHC positivity means in neuroendocrine tumors and NK-cell neoplasms, including staining patterns, marker panels, diagnostic pitfalls, and next steps.

CD56 immunohistochemistry (IHC) detects neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) in tissue. Pathologists most often use CD56 as part of a panel for neuroendocrine tumors...

CD117 (c-KIT) IHC Test: GIST, Mast Cell Tumors, Positive Staining, and Meaning

Understand what CD117 (c-KIT) IHC positivity means in GIST, mast cell disorders, leukemia, and other tumors, including staining patterns and follow-up tests.

CD117 immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a tissue stain that detects the KIT receptor protein on or within cells. Pathologists use it most often when evaluating...

CDX2 IHC Test: Colorectal Cancer Marker, GI Tumor Origin, and Positive Staining

Understand CDX2 IHC positivity in colorectal and GI cancers, including nuclear staining, metastatic tumor-origin panels, CDX2-negative colorectal cancer, and key pitfalls.

CDX2 immunohistochemistry (IHC) detects a nuclear transcription factor involved in intestinal epithelial differentiation. Pathologists use it most often to support gastrointestinal—especially colorectal—origin in an...

Chromogranin IHC Test: Neuroendocrine Tumor Marker, Positive Staining, and Tumor Differentiation

Understand chromogranin IHC positivity in neuroendocrine tumors, including granular staining, tumor differentiation, marker panels, negative results, and diagnostic pitfalls.

Chromogranin immunohistochemistry (IHC) detects proteins found in neurosecretory granules and is one of the classic tissue markers used to confirm neuroendocrine differentiation. Pathologists most...

Cyclin D1 IHC Test: Mantle Cell Lymphoma Marker, Positive Staining, and Diagnosis

Learn how cyclin D1 IHC supports mantle cell lymphoma diagnosis, what nuclear positivity means, why rare MCL can be negative, and which confirmatory tests are used.

Cyclin D1 immunohistochemistry (IHC) detects a cell-cycle protein that is strongly associated with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) when it is abnormally expressed in B...

Cytokeratin 7 (CK7) IHC Test: Tumor Origin, Positive Staining Pattern, and Cancer Type

Learn what CK7 IHC positivity means, which cancers are often CK7 positive or negative, how CK7/CK20 patterns guide tumor origin, and where pitfalls occur.

Cytokeratin 7 (CK7) immunohistochemistry (IHC) detects keratin 7, a structural protein expressed by many glandular and transitional epithelia. Pathologists use CK7 primarily to help...

Cytokeratin 20 (CK20) IHC Test: GI Cancer, Bladder Cancer, Tumor Origin, and Staining Pattern

Understand CK20 IHC in colorectal, GI, bladder, and metastatic cancer, including CK7/CK20 patterns, positive staining, common pitfalls, and site-of-origin testing.

Cytokeratin 20 (CK20) immunohistochemistry (IHC) detects keratin 20, an intermediate-filament protein normally expressed by selected epithelial cells, especially in the lower gastrointestinal tract and...

D2-40 IHC Test: Mesothelioma, Lymphatic Tumor Marker, and Positive Staining

Understand D2-40 IHC in mesothelioma and lymphatic pathology, including membranous positivity, reactive mesothelial staining, marker panels, BAP1/MTAP, and pitfalls.

D2-40 immunohistochemistry (IHC) is an antibody stain that detects podoplanin, a cell-surface glycoprotein expressed by lymphatic endothelial cells, mesothelial cells, and several tumors. Pathologists...