Complement C6 Test: Complement Deficiency and Infection Risk
The complement C6 test evaluates whether complement component 6 can perform its role in the membrane attack complex, the terminal structure that helps the...
Complement C7 Test: Complement Deficiency and Infection Risk
The complement C7 test assesses the function of complement component 7, one of the proteins that turns C5b-6 into a membrane-bound terminal complement complex....
Complement C8 Test: Complement Deficiency and Infection Risk
A complement C8 test evaluates the activity of complement component 8, a three-chain protein that penetrates a target membrane during formation of the membrane...
Complement C9 Test: Complement Deficiency and Infection Risk
The complement C9 test evaluates the function of complement component 9, the final protein added to the membrane attack complex. Multiple C9 molecules normally...
Complement Factor B Test: Alternative Pathway Function and Complement Deficiency
A complement Factor B test examines a protein that is indispensable to the alternative complement pathway—the immune system’s continuously available amplification circuit. The result...
Complement Factor H Test: Complement Regulation, Kidney Disease, and Meaning
A complement Factor H test evaluates one of the alternative pathway’s most important protective regulators. Factor H circulates in blood, recognizes C3b, accelerates breakdown...
Diphtheria Antibody Test: Vaccine Immunity, Protection Level, and Immune Response
A diphtheria antibody test measures IgG directed against diphtheria toxoid, the inactivated toxin used in DTaP, Tdap, and Td vaccines. It is most useful...
Free Light Chain Test: Kappa, Lambda, Ratio, and Plasma Cell Disorders
A serum free light chain test reports three linked results: free kappa, free lambda, and the kappa-to-lambda ratio. Plasma cells normally make complete immunoglobulins...
IgA Blood Test: High, Low, Normal Range, Mucosal Immunity, and Celiac Disease
An IgA blood test measures immunoglobulin A, an antibody that helps protect the body’s moist surfaces, including the airways, digestive tract, eyes, and mouth....
IgE Blood Test: High, Low, Allergy, Asthma, Parasites, and Meaning
An IgE blood test measures immunoglobulin E, the antibody class most closely linked with immediate allergic reactions and defense against certain parasites. Doctors may...
IgG Blood Test: High, Low, Normal Range, Immune Function, and Infection Risk
An IgG blood test measures immunoglobulin G, the most abundant antibody in the bloodstream and a major source of long-term protection after infection or...
IgG Subclass Test: IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, Infections, and Immune Deficiency
An IgG subclass test separates total immunoglobulin G into IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4. These four antibody groups differ in abundance, the antigens they...
IgG4 Blood Test: High Levels, IgG4-Related Disease, and Inflammation Meaning
An IgG4 blood test measures one of the four subclasses of immunoglobulin G, the most abundant antibody class in blood. The test is best...
IgM Blood Test: High, Low, Normal Range, Infection, and Immune Response
An IgM blood test measures the concentration of immunoglobulin M in serum. IgM is the antibody class the body can produce rapidly when it...
Immunofixation Blood Test: Monoclonal Protein, Immunoglobulin Type, and Plasma Cell Disorders
A serum immunofixation blood test looks for an abnormal immunoglobulin produced by one clone of plasma cells or B cells. This protein may be...
Immunoglobulin Panel Test: IgG, IgA, IgM, High and Low Levels, and Immune Function
An immunoglobulin panel measures the main antibody classes circulating in blood: IgG, IgA, and IgM. The panel can show whether antibody concentrations are broadly...
Kappa Light Chain Test: High Levels, Immune Protein, and Monoclonal Gammopathy
A kappa light chain test measures one component of immunoglobulins, the proteins made by plasma cells to form antibodies. Most clinical orders measure free...
Kappa/Lambda Ratio Test: Abnormal Ratio, Multiple Myeloma, and Plasma Cell Disorders
The kappa/lambda ratio compares the two types of free immunoglobulin light chains circulating in blood. Plasma cells normally make both kappa and lambda chains,...
Lambda Light Chain Test: High Levels, Immune Protein, and Monoclonal Gammopathy
A lambda light chain test usually measures free lambda immunoglobulin light chains in serum. Plasma cells make lambda or kappa chains as building blocks...
Mannose-Binding Lectin Test: Immune Deficiency Risk, Infections, and Meaning
A mannose-binding lectin test measures a soluble immune protein or the activity of the complement pathway that it helps start. Mannose-binding lectin, often shortened...