White dot syndromes (WDS) are a collection of rare, idiopathic inflammatory conditions that primarily affect the retina, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and choroid. Multiple white or yellow-white lesions, or "dots," within the retina and choroid, which are often visible...
Waardenburg syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that causes auditory, pigmentary, and structural abnormalities. This condition is named after Dutch ophthalmologist Petrus Johannes Waardenburg, who first described it in 1951. It is characterized by distinctive facial features, varying degrees...
What is a V-Pattern Strabismus?
V-pattern strabismus is an eye misalignment in which the eyes diverge more during upward gaze and converge more during downward gaze, resulting in a distinctive "V" shape when plotted on an ocular motility chart. This...
Vossius ring, also known as Vossius ring sign, is an ocular condition in which a circular imprint appears on the anterior surface of the eye's lens. This ring is made up of pigment or epithelial cells from the iris...
What is vitritis?
Vitritis, also known as intermediate uveitis, is an ocular condition that causes inflammation of the vitreous humor, a clear, gel-like substance that fills the space between the lens and the retina in the eye. This condition is...
What is vitreous hemorrhage?
Vitreous hemorrhage is a medical condition in which blood leaks into the vitreous humor, a clear, gel-like substance that fills the space between the lens and retina in the eye. Depending on the severity and extent...
Vitreous floaters, also known as floaters, are small, shadowy shapes that move across the field of vision. They typically appear as spots, threads, or cobweb-like structures and are most visible against a plain, bright background, such as a clear...
Vitreous detachment, also known as posterior vitreous detachment (PVD), is a common ocular condition that occurs as part of the normal aging process. It is the separation of the vitreous body from the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the...
What is vitreous degeneration?
Vitreous degeneration is a common ocular condition characterized by the gradual breakdown and liquefaction of the vitreous humor, which is a gel-like substance that fills the eye. The vitreous humor fills the space between the lens...
Vitreous cysts are a rare but fascinating ocular condition characterized by cystic formations within the eye's vitreous body. The vitreous humor, also known as the vitreous, is a clear, gel-like substance that fills the space between the lens and...
Vitreous amyloidosis is a rare but serious ocular condition in which amyloid proteins accumulate in the eye's vitreous humor. Amyloidosis is a group of disorders in which abnormal proteins called amyloids accumulate in tissues and organs, causing dysfunction. When...
What is vitreoretinal lymphoma?
Vitreoretinal lymphoma (VRL) is a rare and aggressive cancer that affects the eye, particularly the vitreous and retina. It is a subtype of PCNSL, a non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Malignant lymphoid cells infiltrate the vitreous body and retina...
Vitreopapillary traction (VPT) is a rare but serious ocular condition that causes abnormal adhesion between the vitreous body and the optic nerve head, also known as the optic disc or papilla. This condition can cause a variety of visual...
Vitreomacular traction syndrome (VMT) is a condition that affects the eye, specifically the macula, which is the central portion of the retina responsible for detailed and sharp vision. VMT occurs when the vitreous humor, a gel-like substance that fills...
Vitreomacular adhesion (VMA) is an ocular condition characterized by an abnormal attachment between the vitreous humor and the macula, the central part of the retina responsible for fine detail perception. Understanding VMA requires a closer look at the eye's...
What is visual snow syndrome?
Visual Snow Syndrome (VSS) is a neurological condition characterized by persistent visual disturbances resembling static or "snow" on an untuned television screen. This syndrome can be extremely debilitating for those who suffer from it, as...
Uveitis-Glaucoma-Hyphema (UGH) syndrome is a complex and potentially blinding ocular condition that usually develops as a complication of cataract surgery, particularly after the implantation of an intraocular lens (IOL). UGH syndrome, first described by Dr. Robert Ellingson in 1978,...
What is uveitis?
Uveitis is a broad term for inflammation of the uveal tract of the eye, which includes the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. These structures work together to provide blood supply to the retina, control the amount of...
Uveitic macular edema (UME) is a common and potentially blinding complication of uveitis, an inflammatory condition that affects the uveal tract of the eye. The uveal tract consists of the iris, ciliary body, and choroid, and inflammation can cause...
What is uveitic glaucoma?
Uveitic glaucoma is a complex and potentially blinding ocular condition that develops as a result of uveitis, an inflammatory disease that affects the uveal tract of the eye. The uveal tract contains the iris, ciliary body,...
Uveal metastasis is the most common type of intraocular malignancy, which occurs when cancer cells from a primary tumor elsewhere in the body spread to the uveal tract in the eye. The three main components of the uveal tract...
What is uveal melanoma?
Uveal melanoma is the most common primary intraocular malignancy in adults, and it develops from melanocytes in the uveal tract of the eye. The uveal tract, which includes the iris, ciliary body, and choroid, is the...
Uveal Effusion Syndrome (UES) is a rare and complicated ocular condition characterized by the accumulation of fluid in the uveal tract, which includes the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. This fluid buildup causes uveal tissue detachment, particularly of the...
Turner Syndrome is a chromosomal disorder that affects about one in every 2,500 live female births and is defined by the partial or complete absence of one of the X chromosomes (45,X karyotype). This genetic condition causes a variety...
Tubulointerstitial Nephritis and Uveitis (TINU) Syndrome is a rare systemic inflammatory condition that affects both the kidneys and the eyes. Tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN) is an inflammation of the kidney tubules and surrounding interstitial tissue, while uveitis is an inflammation...
The bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes ocular tuberculosis, a type of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (TB) primarily affects the lungs, but it can spread to other parts of the body, including the eyes. Ocular tuberculosis can manifest in a variety of...
Trichiasis is an ocular condition characterized by misaligned eyelashes that grow inward toward the eye rather than outward. This abnormal growth causes the lashes to come into direct contact with the cornea, conjunctiva, or both, causing significant discomfort, irritation,...
Traumatic vitreous hemorrhage is characterized by the presence of blood in the vitreous humor, which is a clear, gel-like substance that fills the space between the eye's lens and retina. This hemorrhage occurs as a direct result of ocular...
Traumatic uveitis is a type of uveitis—a condition marked by inflammation of the uveal tract—caused solely by ocular trauma. The primary structures of the uveal tract are the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. These structures play critical roles in...
Traumatic optic neuropathy (TON) is a serious, vision-threatening condition caused by optic nerve damage from blunt or penetrating trauma to the head or orbit. The optic nerve is an essential component of the visual system, transmitting visual information from...
