Introduction to the Epiretinal Membrane
An epiretinal membrane (ERM), also known as macular pucker or cellophane maculopathy, is a condition in which a thin, fibrous layer forms on the retina's surface, particularly over the macula. The macula is the central...
Introduction to Epiphora
Epiphora, also known as excessive tearing, is a condition in which tears overflow onto the face. This happens when the tear drainage system becomes blocked or unable to function properly, or when there is an excess of...
What is Entropion?
Entropion is an ocular condition in which the eyelids turn inward, rubbing the eyelashes and skin against the eye's surface. This can cause discomfort, irritation, and damage to the cornea. It primarily affects the lower eyelid and...
Introduction to Endothelial Dystrophy
Endothelial dystrophy is a collection of progressive eye disorders that primarily affect the cornea's inner layer, known as the endothelium. This layer is essential for preserving corneal transparency by regulating fluid balance within the cornea. When...
Introduction to Endophthalmitis
Endophthalmitis is a serious and potentially vision-threatening condition that causes inflammation within the eye, primarily affecting the vitreous and/or aqueous humor. This condition is usually caused by an infection, but non-infectious causes, such as autoimmune responses or...
Introduction to Emmetropia
Emmetropia is the condition of perfect vision in which the eye can focus light directly on the retina without the use of corrective lenses. In an emmetropic eye, the cornea and lens correctly bend light rays so...
Introduction
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (EDS) is a collection of inherited connective tissue disorders marked by skin hyperextensibility, joint hypermobility, and tissue fragility. These systemic features can also affect the eyes, resulting in a variety of ocular manifestations. The ocular complications of...
What is a Foreign Body in Eye?
A foreign body in the eye is any external object or substance that enters and remains within the eye. This can include everything from small particles like dust, sand, and metal shavings to...
What is Ectropion?
Ectropion is an ocular condition in which the eyelid margin, usually the lower eyelid, turns outward and away from the eyeball. This condition can expose the inner eyelid surface and conjunctiva, resulting in dryness, irritation, and discomfort....
Introduction to Ebola Virus Disease Ocular Symptoms
Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) is a severe, often fatal illness caused by the Ebola virus, which belongs to the Filoviridae family. While EVD primarily affects the immune system, resulting in severe hemorrhagic fever,...
Introduction to Eales Disease
Eales disease is a rare idiopathic occlusive vasculopathy that primarily affects the peripheral retina and is most frequently seen in young adults. Eales disease, named after British ophthalmologist Henry Eales, who first described it in 1880,...
Introduction to Duane Retraction Syndrome
Duane Retraction Syndrome (DRS) is a rare congenital eye movement disorder defined by the inability of one or both eyes to move outward (abduction) or inward (adduction). Alexander Duane first described this condition in 1905,...
Introduction to Dry Eye Syndrome
Dry Eye Syndrome, also known as keratoconjunctivitis sicca, is a common condition in which your tears are unable to adequately lubricate your eyes. Tears can be ineffective and unstable for a variety of reasons. For...
Introduction to Dominant Optic Atrophy
Dominant Optic Atrophy (DOA) is a hereditary eye condition characterized by progressive degeneration of the optic nerves, which causes visual impairment. DOA typically manifests in the first decade of life and primarily affects the transmission...
Introduction to Eales Disease
Eales disease is a rare idiopathic occlusive vasculopathy that primarily affects the peripheral retina and is most frequently seen in young adults. Eales disease, named after British ophthalmologist Henry Eales, who first described it in 1880,...
What is Divergence Excess?
Divergence Excess is a type of strabismus distinguished by a greater degree of exotropia (outward deviation of the eye) when viewing distant objects versus nearby ones. It usually appears in childhood and can last into adulthood...
What is Distichiasis?
Distichiasis is an ocular condition marked by the abnormal growth of an extra row of eyelashes from the meibomian glands, which are located along the eyelid edges. These extra lashes can cause significant discomfort and irritation when...
Introduction to Dissociated Vertical Deviation (DVD)
Dissociated Vertical Deviation (DVD) is a complex ocular condition that frequently affects strabismus patients, particularly those with infantile esotropia. DVD is distinguished by the upward drift of one eye while the other remains focused...
Introduction to Diabetic Vitreopathy
Diabetic vitreopathy is a relatively unknown but significant ocular complication of diabetes mellitus. It entails changes in the vitreous humor, a clear gel-like substance that fills the space between the lens and the retina in the...
What is Diabetic Retinopathy?
Diabetic retinopathy is a serious eye condition that affects people with diabetes. It is distinguished by damage to the blood vessels in the retina, the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye, which can cause...
What is Diabetic Papillopathy?
Diabetic papillopathy is a rare but significant ocular complication of diabetes mellitus. It primarily affects the optic disc, resulting in swelling and visual disturbances. Diabetic papillopathy, while often self-limiting, can be an early warning sign of...
Introduction to Diabetic Cataracts
Diabetic cataract is a serious complication of diabetes mellitus that causes a clouding of the eye's lens, resulting in decreased vision and, if left untreated, blindness. This condition is the direct result of diabetes-related metabolic disturbances,...
What is Dermoid Cyst of the Orbit?
A dermoid cyst of the orbit is a benign, congenital lesion caused by ectodermal tissue trapped during embryonic development. These cysts are frequently found in the periorbital region, particularly near the lateral aspect...
What is Dermatochalasis?
Dermatochalasis, also known as "baggy eyes," is a condition that causes excessive sagging or drooping of the upper or lower eyelids due to a loss of skin elasticity. This condition is most commonly associated with aging, but...
What is Dacryocystitis?
Dacryocystitis is an infection or inflammation of the lacrimal sac, a component of the eye's tear drainage system. This condition is frequently caused by an obstruction in the nasolacrimal duct, resulting in the accumulation of tears and...
What is Dacryocele?
Dacryocele, also known as lacrimal sac cyst, is a rare congenital or acquired condition in which the nasolacrimal duct becomes obstructed and distended, resulting in the formation of a cystic swelling at the eye's medial canthus. This...
Introduction to Dacryoadenitis
Dacryoadenitis is an inflammation of the lacrimal gland, which produces tears. This condition, which can be acute or chronic, is distinguished by swelling, pain, redness, and, in some cases, fever in the upper eyelid region containing the...
Introduction
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis is a serious viral infection of the retina that primarily affects people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS, organ transplant recipients, or patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy. The condition is caused by the cytomegalovirus,...
What is Cystoid Macular Edema?
Cystoid macular edema (CME) is a condition in which fluid accumulates in the macula, the central part of the retina responsible for detailed vision. This fluid accumulates in cyst-like spaces, causing swelling and distortion of...
What is Cyclic Esotropia?
Cyclic esotropia is a rare type of strabismus marked by intermittent inward deviation of one or both eyes. Unlike typical esotropia, which occurs consistently, cyclic esotropia has a distinct pattern, alternating between periods of normal binocular...
