Diosmin: Natural Vein Support, Vascular Health Benefits, and Safety Insights
Diosmin is a citrus-derived flavonoid used worldwide for problems linked to weak or inflamed veins—especially chronic venous disease (CVD), leg swelling, and hemorrhoids. Most clinical research centers on a standardized form called micronized purified flavonoid fraction (MPFF), which is 90% diosmin and 10% hesperidin. MPFF’s fine particle size helps the body absorb it, and studies suggest it can reduce...
Diplotaxis tenuifolia Extract: Health Benefits, Optimal Use, and Scientific Insights
Wild rocket (Diplotaxis tenuifolia) is more than a peppery salad leaf. Extracts from this Brassicaceae plant concentrate naturally occurring phytochemicals—especially glucosinolates (which can convert to isothiocyanates), flavonoids, vitamin C, and carotenoids—along with notable levels of dietary nitrate when consumed as food. These compounds are being studied for antioxidant capacity, support for nitric-oxide pathways (via vegetable nitrate), and general cell...
Dipotassium Glycyrrhizinate: Skin, Immune, and Wellness Benefits Explained
Dipotassium glycyrrhizinate (often listed as “dipotassium glycyrrhizate” or simply “DPG”) is a salt of glycyrrhizic acid, the signature compound from licorice root. In modern skin care, it shows up in serums, gels, masks, and post-procedure creams because it helps quiet redness, soothe irritation, and support barrier recovery. Formulators also use it to improve the feel of actives that can...
Disodium Phosphate: Detailed Analysis of Benefits, Forms, and Dosage
Disodium phosphate (also called sodium phosphate dibasic or E339(ii)) is a common food additive, a laboratory buffer, and—in select cases—a supplemental source of phosphorus and sodium. In foods, it stabilizes texture, controls acidity, and improves melt and moisture. In medicine, various sodium phosphate salts appear in bowel preparations and IV formulations; as a supplement, disodium phosphate occasionally appears in...
D-Limonene: Benefits for Digestion, Detox, Immunity, and Wellness
D-limonene is the citrus-scented compound that gives oranges and lemons their bright aroma. Beyond flavor and fragrance, it’s sold as a dietary supplement most often for digestive comfort, occasional heartburn, and general wellness. Early human studies suggest d-limonene concentrates in fatty tissues and may influence cell signaling pathways, while animal and lab research point to anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions....
DLPA: Top Uses, Proper Dosage, and Safety Insights
DLPA (DL-phenylalanine) is a 50:50 blend of two mirror-image forms of the essential amino acid phenylalanine. The L-form feeds into tyrosine and the catecholamines (dopamine and norepinephrine), which is why people associate it with mood, focus, and energy. The D-form, meanwhile, has been explored for its ability to slow the breakdown of our own endorphins and enkephalins—natural pain-modulating peptides....
D-malic acid Supplement: Uses, Dosage, Risks, and Best Practices
D-malic acid is one of two mirror-image forms of malic acid—the tart-tasting organic acid best known from apples and widely used in foods and supplements. While the L-form is produced in the body as part of everyday energy metabolism, D-malic acid shows up mainly in supplements or as part of citrulline malate and magnesium malate. People take it hoping...
D-mannitol: Sugar Alcohol Sweetener, Diuretic, and Digestive Health Explained
D-mannitol is a six-carbon sugar alcohol best known in medicine as an osmotic agent that pulls water out of tissues and into the bloodstream. Clinicians use intravenous mannitol to lower dangerously high pressure in the brain (intracranial pressure) or eye (intraocular pressure), and pulmonologists use inhaled mannitol to help clear thick mucus in adults with cystic fibrosis. It also...
D-Mannose Benefits: Urinary Tract Health, Usage, Dosage, and Side Effects Guide
D-mannose is a simple sugar that has attracted attention as a non-antibiotic option for urinary tract health, especially for people who experience recurrent urinary tract infections (rUTIs). In theory, it helps by blocking Escherichia coli (E. coli)—the most common UTI culprit—from sticking to the bladder lining. That biological idea is appealing, and small early studies hinted at benefit. But...
DMBA (1,3-Dimethylbutylamine): Safety, Fat Burner Effects, Uses, and Proper Dosage
DMBA (1,3-dimethylbutylamine), sometimes marketed as AMP citrate, is a laboratory-made stimulant that appeared in some pre-workout and weight-loss supplements over the past decade. It’s chemically related to DMAA and is often promoted for energy, focus, and fat-burning. Unlike nutrients or botanicals, DMBA is a synthetic sympathomimetic—it can raise heart rate and blood pressure in ways similar to other stimulants....
DMSA for Lead and Mercury Detox: Benefits, Dosage, Risks, and Best Practices
DMSA—also known by its generic name succimer—is a prescription chelating agent designed to bind certain toxic metals so your body can excrete them. Clinically, it is used mainly for lead poisoning in children and, in select circumstances, for arsenic or inorganic mercury exposure under specialist care. Compared with older chelators, DMSA is taken orally and is generally better tolerated....
DNase Enzyme Therapy: Airway Clearance, Applications, and Safety Guide
DNase (deoxyribonuclease) is an enzyme that cuts DNA. In medicine, the form you’ll hear most about is dornase alfa (recombinant human DNase I), delivered by inhalation to thin sticky mucus in the lungs. By breaking down extracellular DNA—much of it shed from white blood cells during infection—DNase decreases sputum viscosity, improves airflow, and can help reduce pulmonary exacerbations in...
Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA): Top Brain, Eye, and Heart Benefits, Uses, Dosage, and Safety
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is a long-chain omega-3 fat that your body uses to build cell membranes—especially in the brain and retina—and to make signaling molecules that help resolve inflammation. Because adults convert only small amounts of plant omega-3 (ALA) into DHA, levels depend mostly on dietary intake from fish, seafood, and algae, or from supplements. Research links adequate DHA...
Docosapentaenoic Acid (DPA): Unique Omega-3 for Cardiovascular and Brain Wellness
Docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) is a long-chain omega-3 fatty acid found in fish, marine oils, and—unlike EPA and DHA—in meaningful amounts in certain red meats. Although it receives less attention than eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), DPA appears to play complementary roles in cardiovascular, metabolic, and inflammatory pathways. It can convert “back and forth” with EPA, serve as...
Dodecanoic Acid: Top Benefits, Health Uses, Dosage, and Side Effects
Dodecanoic acid—better known as lauric acid—is a 12-carbon saturated fatty acid (C12:0) that occurs naturally in coconut and palm kernel oils, dairy fat, and some edible insects. In industry, it’s a building block for soaps, surfactants, emulsifiers, lubricants, and even certain phase-change materials. In nutrition, lauric acid sits at the intersection of “medium-chain” chemistry and everyday eating: it metabolizes...
Dog Rose: Comprehensive Supplement Review—Dosage, Benefits, and Potential Side Effects
Dog rose (Rosa canina) is a hardy wild rose whose small, bright-red fruits—rose hips—have a long history in European and Middle Eastern folk medicine and food. Modern analyses show that dog rose is rich in vitamin C, polyphenols (including flavonols and phenolic acids), carotenoids (lycopene, beta-carotene), and distinctive galactolipids. These nutrients and plant compounds together explain why dog rose...
Dolomite: Top Benefits, How to Use, Dosage Guidelines, and Safety Profile
Dolomite is a naturally occurring mineral—calcium magnesium carbonate—that’s sometimes marketed as a two-in-one source of calcium and magnesium or used to re-mineralize purified water. Because calcium underpins bone strength and nerve signaling, and magnesium supports muscle function and energy metabolism, dolomite can look like a convenient way to cover two essentials at once. But there are important nuances: the...
DOPA for Dopamine: Cognitive, Hormonal, and Motor Function Benefits
DOPA most often refers to L-DOPA, the direct biochemical precursor to dopamine. In clinics, L-DOPA is prescribed as levodopa (usually paired with carbidopa) to reduce Parkinson’s motor symptoms such as slowness and rigidity. In the supplement aisle, “DOPA” usually means L-DOPA concentrated from Mucuna pruriens (velvet bean). While both provide the same active molecule, they differ greatly in purity,...
Douglas Fir: Herbal Remedies, Aromatherapy, Dosage, and Precautions
Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) is best known as a towering timber tree, yet its fragrant needles, resin, and essential oil have been used for centuries in folk wellness—from clearing stuffy air to soothing tired muscles. Modern lab studies are beginning to map what traditional users noticed: resinous compounds such as pinene, sabinene, and terpinolene show antimicrobial, antioxidant, and calming...
D-Pinitol: Adaptogen for Metabolic and Stress Wellness—Benefits, Dosage, Safety
D-pinitol is a naturally occurring cyclitol (3-O-methyl-D-chiro-inositol) found in carob pods, soy, and certain pines. As a close relative of the inositols, it has drawn interest for metabolic health—especially insulin sensitivity, post-meal glucose responses, and liver fat. Early animal and cell research suggested “insulin-mimetic” actions, while small human studies explore blood sugar, lipids, and liver enzymes. A notable randomized...
DPP-IV Enzyme Supplements: Gluten Digestion, Safety, Dosage, and More
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-IV, also called DPP-4 or CD26) is an enzyme your body makes that clips tiny pieces off certain peptides, including hormones that regulate blood sugar and many immune-signaling molecules. In nutrition and wellness, “DPP-IV” also appears on digestive enzyme labels—usually to suggest help with hard-to-digest proteins such as gluten or casein. This article separates what the human...
Dragon’s Blood: Natural Benefits, Topical and Internal Uses, Dosage, and Safety
Dragon’s blood is the deep red resin obtained from several plant genera, most notably Croton lechleri in the Amazon and Dracaena and Daemonorops species in the Old World. For centuries, the sap has been used on minor wounds and for digestive upsets. Modern research has clarified pieces of the puzzle: the latex is rich in proanthocyanidins (a class of...
Drags Imun: Natural Wound Healing, Immune System Boost, Dosage, and Side Effects
Drags Imun is a liquid extract made from the deep red latex of Croton lechleri, a South American tree often called “dragon’s blood.” Traditional communities have long used this resin for wound care and digestive complaints. Today, consumers take Drags Imun primarily for immune support, gut comfort, and to promote tissue repair. Laboratory studies highlight abundant polyphenols (especially proanthocyanidins)...
D-Ribose: What It Is, Health Benefits, How to Use, and FAQ
D-ribose (often shortened to “ribose”) is a simple sugar your body already makes to build ATP—the universal energy currency in cells. When energy demand outpaces supply, like during intense exercise or in conditions that strain the heart or muscles, ribose can become a bottleneck. Supplemental D-ribose aims to ease that bottleneck by supplying the raw material cells use to...
D-ribulose for Cellular Health: Complete Benefits, Dosage, and Safety Overview
D-ribulose is a little-known simple sugar that your body can make in tiny amounts as part of normal metabolism. Unlike familiar sugars such as glucose or fructose, D-ribulose is a “ketopentose”: a five-carbon carbohydrate with a ketone group. Inside cells, it is phosphorylated to ribulose-5-phosphate and shuttled into the pentose phosphate pathway—one of the body’s core routes for generating...
Drynaria fortunei Supplement: Science-Backed Bone and Joint Benefits, Dosage, and Risks
Drynaria fortunei—known in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) as Gu Sui Bu, or “mender of shattered bones”—is a fern rhizome used for bone support and fracture recovery. Modern analyses point to total flavonoids (notably naringin, naringenin, and neoeriocitrin) as its main bioactive compounds that can stimulate bone formation and temper bone resorption. Clinical trials (largely in China) have evaluated standardized...
D-salicin Supplement Guide: Anti-Inflammatory Properties, Proper Dosage, and Risks
D-salicin is a naturally occurring compound best known from white willow (Salix alba) and a few other plants. In the body it acts like a “pro-drug,” converting to salicylic acid—the same active family that inspired modern aspirin. People turn to D-salicin for short-term relief of musculoskeletal pain and stiffness, particularly in the back and joints, and for its modest...
D-Tagatose: Blood Sugar Support, Weight Management, Baking Uses, and Safety Explained
D-Tagatose is a “rare sugar” that tastes close to table sugar but behaves differently in the body. It delivers sweetness with fewer calories, produces a smaller rise in blood glucose and insulin, and can be fermented by gut microbes to short-chain fatty acids. Food makers use it in drinks, dairy, confections, and baked goods; consumers use it as a...
Du Zhong: Joint, Bone, and Blood Pressure Support—Benefits, Uses, Dosage, and Risks
Du Zhong (Eucommia ulmoides), a cornerstone herb in East Asian medicine, is most often used for healthy blood pressure, resilient joints, and strong bones. Modern extracts concentrate its lignans, iridoids, and chlorogenic acids—the compounds studied for vascular relaxation, antioxidant support, and cartilage protection. Small clinical trials suggest Du Zhong can modestly lower blood pressure in mild hypertension, while animal...
Duckweed Protein: Complete Plant-Based Protein Source, Health Benefits, Uses, Dosage, and Safety
Duckweed protein—often labeled “water lentil” protein and sourced from tiny aquatic plants in the Lemnaceae family (e.g., Wolffia, Lemna)—is one of the fastest-growing plant proteins on the planet. It concentrates all nine essential amino acids, is naturally green from lutein and other pigments, and can be cultivated with far less land and water than many terrestrial crops. In human...
