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ROS1 Fusion Test for Lung Cancer: Gene Fusion, Positive Result, and Molecular Meaning

Understand ROS1 fusion testing in lung cancer, including what a positive result means, RNA NGS versus FISH, negative-result limits, and molecular significance.

A ROS1 fusion test looks for a rearrangement that joins the ROS1 gene to another gene and creates an abnormal growth-driving kinase. In non-small...

SCC Antigen Test for Lung Cancer: Squamous Cell Carcinoma Marker and Monitoring

Understand the SCC antigen test for lung cancer, including normal-range limits, causes of high results, squamous cell carcinoma relevance, and monitoring use.

The SCC antigen test is a blood test that measures squamous cell carcinoma antigen, a protein released in higher amounts by some squamous cell...

Small Cell Lung Cancer Biomarker Panel: ProGRP, NSE, DLL3, and Disease Monitoring

Understand how ProGRP, NSE, and DLL3 biomarkers are used in small cell lung cancer, including blood-test trends, DLL3 expression, monitoring limits, and result interpretation.

A small cell lung cancer (SCLC) biomarker panel may combine blood markers such as progastrin-releasing peptide (ProGRP) and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) with tumor markers...

TTF-1 IHC Test for Lung Cancer: Tumor Origin, Adenocarcinoma Marker, and Positive Staining

Learn how the TTF-1 IHC test helps identify lung adenocarcinoma, what positive or negative nuclear staining means, and why other markers are needed.

The TTF-1 immunohistochemistry test is a tissue stain that helps pathologists determine whether a tumor has features typical of lung adenocarcinoma or certain lung...

Tumor Mutational Burden (TMB) Test for Lung Cancer: Mutation Load, Genomic Score, and Meaning

Learn what a lung cancer TMB test measures, how mutations per megabase are calculated, what TMB-high means, and how the score fits with PD-L1, NGS, and immunotherapy decisions.

Tumor mutational burden (TMB) is a genomic score that estimates how many acquired DNA mutations are present in a tumor, usually reported as mutations...

Blood-Based Multi-Cancer Early Detection Test: Cancer Signals, Screening, and Follow-Up

Learn how blood-based multi-cancer early detection tests find cancer signals, what positive and negative results mean, and what follow-up may involve.

A blood-based multi-cancer early detection test, often called an MCED or MCD test, looks for biological signals that may come from one of several...

CancerSEEK Test: Multi-Cancer Blood Test, Tumor Markers, and Early Detection Research

CancerSEEK combines tumor DNA mutations and protein markers for multi-cancer detection. Learn what research shows, how results are interpreted, and why follow-up matters.

CancerSEEK is a research multi-cancer blood test developed to detect cancer-related DNA mutations together with circulating protein tumor markers. The original assay was designed...

Cell-Free DNA Cancer Test: Tumor DNA in Blood, Mutation Detection, and Result Meaning

Understand how cell-free DNA cancer tests detect tumor DNA, mutations, and blood-based genomic signals, plus what positive, negative, and inconclusive results mean.

A cell-free DNA cancer test analyzes DNA fragments circulating in blood plasma. Most cell-free DNA, or cfDNA, comes from normal cells, especially blood-forming cells;...

Circulating Tumor Cell (CTC) Test: Tumor Cells in Blood, Cancer Monitoring, and Prognosis

Learn how circulating tumor cell tests detect tumor cells in blood, what CTC counts can mean for prognosis, and how CTC testing compares with ctDNA liquid biopsy.

A circulating tumor cell test looks for intact cancer cells that have detached from a tumor and entered the bloodstream. These circulating tumor cells,...

Circulating Tumor Cell Count Test: High Levels, Tumor Cell Burden, and Prognosis Meaning

Learn what high circulating tumor cell counts mean, including common CTC thresholds, prognosis, tumor-burden limits, treatment trends, and result interpretation.

A circulating tumor cell count test measures rare intact tumor cells found in a defined volume of blood. In selected metastatic cancers, especially breast,...

Circulating Tumor DNA (ctDNA) Test: Cancer Monitoring, Mutations, MRD, and Recurrence Risk

Learn how a ctDNA test detects tumor DNA in blood, what mutations and MRD results mean, how ctDNA tracks treatment, and how it relates to recurrence risk.

A circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) test looks for fragments of DNA released by cancer cells into the bloodstream. It is a type of liquid...

ctDNA Minimal Residual Disease (MRD) Test: Recurrence Risk, Tumor DNA Monitoring, and Meaning

Learn what a ctDNA MRD test means, how tumor-informed and tumor-naive testing differ, and how positive or negative results relate to cancer recurrence risk.

A ctDNA minimal residual disease (MRD) test looks for tiny amounts of tumor-derived DNA in blood after treatment has removed or destroyed all cancer...

ctDNA Mutation Panel: Tumor Mutations, Blood-Based Genomic Testing, and Resistance Markers

Learn how a ctDNA mutation panel finds tumor mutations and resistance markers in blood, what actionable and negative results mean, and when tissue testing is still needed.

A ctDNA mutation panel is a blood-based genomic test that looks for cancer-related DNA alterations circulating in plasma. It is most often used in...

ctDNA Tumor Fraction Test: Cancer Burden, Blood DNA Percentage, and Result Meaning

Learn what a ctDNA tumor fraction test measures, how blood DNA percentage is calculated, what low or high results may mean, and why assay limits matter.

A ctDNA tumor fraction test estimates how much of the cell-free DNA circulating in a blood sample comes from cancer cells. The result can...

EGFR T790M Liquid Biopsy Test: Lung Cancer Resistance Mutation and ctDNA Result Meaning

An EGFR T790M liquid biopsy looks for a specific resistance mutation in tumor DNA circulating in the blood of someone with non-small cell lung...

ESR1 Liquid Biopsy Test: Breast Cancer Hormone Resistance Marker and ctDNA Monitoring

Learn what an ESR1 liquid biopsy detects, how positive and negative ctDNA results are interpreted, and how emerging ESR1 mutations can guide advanced breast cancer therapy.

An ESR1 liquid biopsy checks circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in blood for mutations in the gene that encodes estrogen receptor alpha. In estrogen receptor-positive,...

Exosome Cancer Test: Tumor RNA, Blood Biomarkers, and Diagnostic Research

Learn how exosome cancer tests analyze tumor RNA, proteins, DNA, and extracellular vesicles, what abnormal results may mean, and why most uses remain under research.

An exosome cancer test analyzes tiny membrane-bound particles released by cells into blood or other body fluids for molecular clues associated with cancer. These...

FoundationOne Liquid CDx Test: ctDNA, Cancer Genomics, Mutation Report, and Companion Diagnostic Use

Learn how FoundationOne Liquid CDx analyzes ctDNA for cancer mutations, how to read the genomic report, what companion-diagnostic findings mean, and why tissue testing may still be needed.

FoundationOne Liquid CDx is a blood-based comprehensive genomic profiling test used in people with solid tumors when a clinician needs information about cancer-related DNA...

Fragmentomics Cancer Blood Test: Cell-Free DNA Patterns and Early Detection Research

Learn how fragmentomics cancer blood tests analyze cell-free DNA length, ends, and genome-wide patterns, what classifier results mean, and why early-detection use still requires prospective validation.

A fragmentomics cancer blood test looks at the physical patterns of cell-free DNA fragments in plasma rather than relying only on specific tumor mutations....

Galleri Test: Multi-Cancer Early Detection, Cancer Signal, and Result Meaning

Learn how the Galleri multi-cancer early detection test uses cfDNA methylation, what Cancer Signal Detected and No Cancer Signal Detected mean, and what current trials show about accuracy and follow-up.

The Galleri test is a prescription blood test designed to look for a shared cancer signal from many cancer types in people who do...