Evidence-Based Supplement & Herb Guides

Urine Catecholamines Test: Neuroendocrine Tumors, Adrenal Tumors, High Levels, and Meaning

Learn what a urine catecholamines test measures, why epinephrine, norepinephrine, or dopamine may be high, how tumors affect results, and why metanephrines are often preferred.

A urine catecholamines test measures epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine released into urine, usually over 24 hours. It can help evaluate disorders that produce excess...

Urine Cytology Test: Cancer Cells, Bladder Cancer, Atypical Cells, and Result Meaning

Learn how urine cytology detects cancer cells, what atypical urothelial cells mean, why negative cytology can miss low-grade bladder cancer, and what follow-up may be needed.

A urine cytology test examines cells shed into urine to look for changes that suggest high-grade urothelial cancer, especially bladder cancer and carcinoma in...

Urine Free Light Chains Test: Multiple Myeloma, Bence Jones Protein, and Kidney Risk

Learn how urine free kappa and lambda light chains relate to Bence Jones protein, multiple myeloma, kidney injury, and why serum FLC and immunofixation often guide interpretation.

A urine free light chains test looks for kappa (κ) and lambda (λ) immunoglobulin light chains that pass from the blood into urine. An...

Urine Immunofixation Test: Monoclonal Protein, Light Chain Type, Myeloma, and Result Meaning

Learn what urine immunofixation detects, how monoclonal kappa or lambda light chains relate to Bence Jones protein and myeloma, and what positive or negative results mean.

A urine immunofixation test looks for a monoclonal immunoglobulin protein in urine and identifies its type, especially free kappa or free lambda light chains....

Urine Metanephrines Test: Pheochromocytoma, Paraganglioma, High Levels, and Adrenal Tumors

Learn how a 24-hour urine metanephrines test detects pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma, what high or borderline results mean, and how collection and medications affect accuracy.

A urine metanephrines test measures breakdown products of the stress hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine, usually in a 24-hour urine collection. It is one of...

Urine Tumor Marker Test Panel: Bladder Cancer Markers, Kidney Cancer Markers, and Urine Biomarkers

Understand urine tumor marker panels for bladder and kidney cancer, including NMP22, BTA, UroVysion, molecular tests, KIM-1, result meaning, and limitations.

A urine tumor marker test panel is not one universal cancer test. The phrase can describe several different assays that look for abnormal cells,...

UroVysion FISH Test: Bladder Cancer Chromosome Markers, Positive Result, and Cytology Follow-Up

Learn what the UroVysion FISH urine test measures, including chromosomes 3, 7, 17 and 9p21, what positive or negative results mean, and how cytology follow-up works.

The UroVysion FISH test examines cells shed into urine for chromosome changes associated with urothelial cancer, especially bladder cancer. Unlike urine cytology, which depends...

Xpert Bladder Cancer Monitor Test: Urine Gene Markers, Recurrence Monitoring, and Result Meaning

Understand the Xpert Bladder Cancer Monitor urine test, its five mRNA gene markers, positive and negative result meaning, recurrence accuracy, and role alongside cystoscopy.

The Xpert Bladder Cancer Monitor test is a urine-based molecular assay designed to help detect recurrent urothelial cancer in people who have already been...

ALK IHC Test: ALK Protein Expression, Lung Cancer, Lymphoma, and Fusion Screening

Learn what an ALK IHC test detects, how ALK positivity is interpreted in lung cancer and lymphoma, and when FISH or NGS is used to confirm an ALK fusion.

ALK immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a tissue stain that detects abnormal expression of anaplastic lymphoma kinase protein. Its meaning depends heavily on the tumor being...

Arginase-1 IHC Test: Liver Cancer Marker, Hepatocellular Differentiation, and Tumor Origin

Learn how the arginase-1 IHC test supports hepatocellular carcinoma, what positive staining means, and how it helps distinguish liver origin from metastatic tumors.

Arginase-1 immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a tissue stain used mainly to show hepatocellular differentiation—evidence that tumor cells resemble liver hepatocytes. It is one of the...

BCL2 IHC Test: Lymphoma Marker, Positive Staining, and Prognosis Meaning

Learn what BCL2 IHC positivity means in follicular lymphoma and DLBCL, how BCL2 relates to MYC, and why protein expression is different from a gene rearrangement.

BCL2 immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a tissue stain that detects the anti-apoptotic BCL2 protein in lymphoid cells. Pathologists use it most often when classifying B-cell...

BCL6 IHC Test: Lymphoma Marker, Germinal Center Pattern, and Positive Staining

Learn what BCL6 IHC positive staining means, how BCL6 identifies germinal-center patterns in lymphoma, and why BCL6 protein expression differs from gene rearrangement.

BCL6 immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a tissue stain used mainly to identify germinal-center differentiation in lymphoid cells. The BCL6 protein is a nuclear transcription factor...

Calretinin IHC Test: Mesothelioma Marker, Tumor Origin, and Positive Staining

Learn what calretinin IHC positive staining means, how it supports mesothelioma and mesothelial origin, and why BAP1, MTAP, and carcinoma markers are often needed.

Calretinin immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a tissue stain used most often to support mesothelial differentiation, especially when a pleural, peritoneal, or other serosal tumor could...

CD3 IHC Test: T-Cell Lymphoma Marker, T-Cell Lineage, and Positive Staining

Learn what CD3 IHC positive staining means, how CD3 supports T-cell lineage, and why reactive T cells, antigen loss, and NK/T-cell lymphoma can complicate interpretation.

CD3 immunohistochemistry (IHC) is one of the most widely used tissue stains for identifying T-cell lineage. In a normal lymph node, CD3 highlights T...

CD10 IHC Test: Follicular Lymphoma, Germinal Center Marker, and Positive Staining

Learn what a positive CD10 IHC result means in follicular lymphoma and other lymphomas, how germinal center staining is interpreted, and why companion tests matter.

CD10 immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a tissue stain that helps pathologists identify cells with germinal center B-cell differentiation. It is commonly used when evaluating follicular...

CD15 IHC Test: Hodgkin Lymphoma Marker, Positive Staining, and Tumor Classification

Learn how CD15 IHC is used in classic Hodgkin lymphoma, what positive and negative staining mean, and how CD30, PAX5, CD20, and other markers guide classification.

CD15 immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a tissue stain best known for helping identify classic Hodgkin lymphoma. In that setting, Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells often express...