Evidence-Based Supplement & Herb Guides

Lung Cancer Liquid Biopsy Test: ctDNA, Mutations, Resistance Markers, and Blood-Based Testing

Learn how lung cancer liquid biopsy uses ctDNA to detect actionable mutations and resistance markers, what positive and negative results mean, and when tissue testing is still needed.

A lung cancer liquid biopsy is a blood-based molecular test that looks for tumor-derived material, most often circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA). It can identify...

Lung Cancer NGS Panel Test: Driver Mutations, Gene Fusions, Resistance Markers, and Molecular Profile

A lung cancer NGS panel is a molecular test that examines many cancer-related genes at the same time. In non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC),...

Lung Cancer Resistance Mutation Panel: EGFR, ALK, ROS1, MET, and Resistance Markers

Learn how lung cancer resistance mutation panels detect EGFR, ALK, ROS1, MET, and other resistance mechanisms, how blood and tissue testing differ, and what positive or negative results mean.

A lung cancer resistance mutation panel is a molecular test used after targeted therapy stops controlling the cancer or when resistance is strongly suspected....

MET Amplification Test for Lung Cancer: Copy Number Gain, Resistance Marker, and Meaning

Learn how MET amplification testing measures lung cancer copy-number gain, how FISH and NGS results differ, why MET can cause EGFR resistance, and what positive or negative results may mean.

A MET amplification test checks whether lung cancer cells contain extra copies of the MET gene. MET encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase that can...

MET Exon 14 Skipping Test for Lung Cancer: Splice Alteration, Mutation Status, and Meaning

Learn what MET exon 14 skipping means in lung cancer, how DNA and RNA tests detect it, how positive and negative results are interpreted, and why METex14 can guide targeted NSCLC treatment.

A MET exon 14 skipping test looks for a specific oncogenic alteration in the MET gene that causes exon 14 to be removed from...

Minimal Residual Disease ctDNA Test for Lung Cancer: Recurrence Monitoring, MRD, and Tumor DNA

Learn how lung cancer MRD ctDNA testing detects molecular residual disease, what positive and negative results mean, how it can precede recurrence on scans, and why treatment decisions still require clinical context.

A minimal residual disease (MRD) ctDNA test looks for tiny amounts of lung cancer DNA that may remain in the bloodstream after treatment intended...

MSI Test for Lung Cancer: Microsatellite Instability, Mismatch Repair, and Result Meaning

Learn what MSI testing means in lung cancer, how MSI-H, MSS, dMMR, and pMMR results differ, how NGS, PCR, and IHC are used, and why this rare biomarker can matter for immunotherapy and hereditary evaluation.

An MSI test for lung cancer checks whether tumor DNA shows microsatellite instability, a pattern caused by defective DNA mismatch repair. Microsatellites are short...

Napsin A IHC Test for Lung Cancer: Adenocarcinoma Marker, Tumor Origin, and Positive Staining

Learn how Napsin A IHC supports lung adenocarcinoma diagnosis, what positive granular cytoplasmic staining means, why negative results do not exclude lung cancer, and when other tumor origins must be considered.

Napsin A immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a tissue stain used mainly to support the diagnosis of lung adenocarcinoma. Napsin A is an aspartic protease normally...

Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Biomarker Test: Driver Mutations, PD-L1, and Molecular Profile

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) biomarker testing examines a tumor for molecular changes and protein markers that can influence treatment. In advanced NSCLC, broad...

NSE Test for Lung Cancer: Small Cell Lung Cancer Marker, High Levels, and Monitoring

Learn what an NSE blood test means in small cell lung cancer, why levels can be high, how hemolysis causes false elevations, and how serial NSE trends may support treatment and recurrence monitoring.

Neuron-specific enolase (NSE) is a blood biomarker that can be elevated in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and other neuroendocrine conditions. The test measures...

NTRK Fusion Test for Lung Cancer: Gene Fusion, Tumor-Agnostic Marker, and Molecular Meaning

Understand NTRK fusion testing in lung cancer, including tumor-agnostic meaning, RNA NGS, pan-TRK IHC, positive results, negative-result limits, and next steps.

An NTRK fusion test looks for an abnormal joining of one of three genes—NTRK1, NTRK2, or NTRK3—to another gene. When the rearrangement creates an...

p40 IHC Test for Lung Cancer: Squamous Cell Marker, Tumor Classification, and Positive Staining

Learn how p40 IHC helps classify lung squamous cell carcinoma, what positive nuclear staining means, how p40 compares with p63 and TTF-1, and its key limitations.

The p40 immunohistochemistry test is a tissue stain used to identify squamous differentiation in lung cancer. p40 is an isoform of the TP63 protein,...

PD-L1 Test for Lung Cancer: TPS Score, Protein Expression, and Result Meaning

Understand the PD-L1 test for lung cancer, including TPS score ranges, protein-expression meaning, assay differences, result limits, and how PD-L1 guides NSCLC treatment.

The PD-L1 test for lung cancer is an immunohistochemistry test that measures programmed death-ligand 1 protein on tumor cells and helps guide the use...

ProGRP Test for Lung Cancer: Small Cell Lung Cancer Marker, Tumor Burden, and Monitoring

Understand the ProGRP test for lung cancer, including SCLC marker ranges, kidney effects, tumor-burden trends, treatment monitoring, NSE comparison, and result meaning.

The ProGRP test measures pro-gastrin-releasing peptide in blood and is most useful as a circulating marker for small cell lung cancer. Small cell tumors...

RET Fusion Test for Lung Cancer: Gene Fusion, Positive Result, and Molecular Meaning

Understand RET fusion testing in lung cancer, including positive-result meaning, KIF5B and CCDC6 partners, RNA NGS versus FISH, negative-result limits, and next steps.

A RET fusion test looks for a rearrangement that joins the RET gene to another gene and creates an abnormal RET kinase that can...

ROS1 Fusion Test for Lung Cancer: Gene Fusion, Positive Result, and Molecular Meaning

Understand ROS1 fusion testing in lung cancer, including what a positive result means, RNA NGS versus FISH, negative-result limits, and molecular significance.

A ROS1 fusion test looks for a rearrangement that joins the ROS1 gene to another gene and creates an abnormal growth-driving kinase. In non-small...

SCC Antigen Test for Lung Cancer: Squamous Cell Carcinoma Marker and Monitoring

Understand the SCC antigen test for lung cancer, including normal-range limits, causes of high results, squamous cell carcinoma relevance, and monitoring use.

The SCC antigen test is a blood test that measures squamous cell carcinoma antigen, a protein released in higher amounts by some squamous cell...

Small Cell Lung Cancer Biomarker Panel: ProGRP, NSE, DLL3, and Disease Monitoring

Understand how ProGRP, NSE, and DLL3 biomarkers are used in small cell lung cancer, including blood-test trends, DLL3 expression, monitoring limits, and result interpretation.

A small cell lung cancer (SCLC) biomarker panel may combine blood markers such as progastrin-releasing peptide (ProGRP) and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) with tumor markers...

TTF-1 IHC Test for Lung Cancer: Tumor Origin, Adenocarcinoma Marker, and Positive Staining

Learn how the TTF-1 IHC test helps identify lung adenocarcinoma, what positive or negative nuclear staining means, and why other markers are needed.

The TTF-1 immunohistochemistry test is a tissue stain that helps pathologists determine whether a tumor has features typical of lung adenocarcinoma or certain lung...

Tumor Mutational Burden (TMB) Test for Lung Cancer: Mutation Load, Genomic Score, and Meaning

Learn what a lung cancer TMB test measures, how mutations per megabase are calculated, what TMB-high means, and how the score fits with PD-L1, NGS, and immunotherapy decisions.

Tumor mutational burden (TMB) is a genomic score that estimates how many acquired DNA mutations are present in a tumor, usually reported as mutations...