Evidence-Based Supplement & Herb Guides

CD138 Test: Plasma Cell Marker, Myeloma, and Bone Marrow Assessment

Understand what a CD138 test shows in bone marrow, what positive plasma-cell staining means, and how CD138 helps assess multiple myeloma and related disorders.

A CD138 test helps pathologists identify plasma cells in bone marrow or tissue, especially when multiple myeloma or another plasma cell disorder is being...

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) FISH Panel: del17p, del11q, Trisomy 12, and Prognosis

Understand CLL FISH results for del(17p), del(11q), trisomy 12, and del(13q), including what they mean for TP53 risk, prognosis, repeat testing, and treatment planning.

A CLL FISH panel looks for selected chromosome changes inside chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. The most familiar targets include deletion 17p, deletion 11q, trisomy...

CLL IGHV Mutation Test: Prognosis, Mutation Status, and Treatment Risk

Understand CLL IGHV mutation testing, the 98% mutated/unmutated cutoff, what IGHV means for prognosis, and how it fits with TP53, FISH, and modern treatment decisions.

The CLL IGHV mutation test measures how much the immunoglobulin heavy-chain variable gene in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells has changed from its inherited germline...

ClonoSEQ Test: MRD Monitoring in Leukemia, Lymphoma, Myeloma, and Result Meaning

Learn how the ClonoSEQ MRD test tracks residual leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma, what positive or undetectable results mean, and why sample sensitivity matters.

The ClonoSEQ test is a next-generation sequencing test that can detect and measure very small numbers of blood cancer cells left after treatment, called...

CXCR4 Mutation Test: Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia, Mutation Status, and Disease Meaning

Understand CXCR4 mutation testing in Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia, including positive and negative results, common variants, prognosis, BTK inhibitor response, and test limits.

A CXCR4 mutation test looks for acquired changes in the CXCR4 gene in Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM) cells. About 30%–40% of people with WM have...

Cyclin D1 Test for Mantle Cell Lymphoma: Positive Staining and Diagnostic Meaning

Learn what a cyclin D1 test means in mantle cell lymphoma, including positive nuclear staining, CCND1 rearrangements, negative results, SOX11, FISH, and key diagnostic pitfalls.

A cyclin D1 test helps pathologists decide whether an abnormal B-cell population has the molecular pattern expected in mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). The test...

DNMT3A Mutation Test: AML, Clonal Hematopoiesis, Myeloid Neoplasms, and Mutation Meaning

Understand DNMT3A mutation test results in AML and clonal hematopoiesis, including R882 variants, VAF, CHIP and CCUS, prognosis, remission persistence, and follow-up meaning.

A DNMT3A mutation test looks for acquired changes in the DNMT3A gene, an important regulator of DNA methylation and blood-cell development. DNMT3A mutations are...

Double-Hit Lymphoma FISH Panel: MYC, BCL2, BCL6, and Rearrangement Status

Learn how a double-hit lymphoma FISH panel interprets MYC, BCL2, and BCL6 rearrangements, including double-hit, triple-hit, double-expressor, and modern classification meaning.

A double-hit lymphoma FISH panel looks for chromosome rearrangements involving MYC, BCL2, and BCL6 in an aggressive B-cell lymphoma. These rearrangements matter because certain...

FLT3 Mutation Test: AML Risk, Mutation Status, Prognosis, and Result Meaning

Understand FLT3 mutation test results in AML, including ITD vs TKD, ELN 2022 risk, allelic ratio, VAF, targeted therapy, MRD, relapse retesting, and prognosis.

An FLT3 mutation test checks acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells for activating changes in the FLT3 gene, most commonly an internal tandem duplication (FLT3-ITD)...

Hematologic Cancer Biomarker Panel: Leukemia, Lymphoma, Myeloma Markers, and Diagnosis

Learn how hematologic cancer biomarker panels use flow cytometry, IHC, FISH, PCR, NGS, and protein studies to diagnose and classify leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma.

A hematologic cancer biomarker panel is not one universal blood test. It is a coordinated set of laboratory methods used to identify, classify, risk-stratify,...

IDH1 Mutation Test for AML: Mutation Status, Molecular Result, and AML Meaning

Understand what an IDH1 mutation test means in AML, including R132 variants, positive and negative results, VAF, prognosis, targeted IDH1 therapy, and follow-up.

An IDH1 mutation test looks for acquired changes in the IDH1 gene that occur in a subset of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Most AML-associated...

IDH2 Mutation Test for AML: Mutation Status, Molecular Result, and AML Meaning

Learn how to interpret an IDH2 mutation test in AML, including R140 and R172 results, VAF, prognosis, enasidenib treatment relevance, and follow-up testing.

An IDH2 mutation test checks leukemia cells for acquired changes in the IDH2 gene, most often at codons R140 or R172. These mutations alter...

JAK2 Exon 12 Mutation Test: Polycythemia Vera Marker and JAK2-Negative Workup

Learn what a JAK2 exon 12 mutation test means in V617F-negative erythrocytosis, how it supports polycythemia vera diagnosis, and what to do after a negative result.

A JAK2 exon 12 mutation test is most often used when polycythemia vera (PV) is suspected but the common JAK2 V617F mutation is not...

JAK2 V617F Mutation Test: Myeloproliferative Neoplasm, Polycythemia Vera, and Positive Result

Learn how to interpret a JAK2 V617F mutation test, including positive results, polycythemia vera and MPN meaning, VAF, negative follow-up, and prognosis.

A JAK2 V617F mutation test looks for a specific acquired DNA change that activates JAK-STAT signaling in blood-forming cells. It is one of the...

Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Test for Blood Cancer: High Levels, Prognosis, and Disease Activity

Learn what a high LDH test can mean in leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma, including prognosis, disease activity, false elevations, reference ranges, and tumor lysis risk.

A lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) test measures an enzyme that is released when cells are damaged or turn over rapidly. In blood cancers, LDH can...

Leukemia Flow Cytometry Panel: Cell Markers, Immunophenotype, Blasts, and Diagnosis

Understand leukemia flow cytometry panels, including CD markers, immunophenotype, blast assessment, AML and ALL patterns, test limits, and follow-up testing.

A leukemia flow cytometry panel analyzes proteins on and inside blood-forming cells to identify abnormal cell populations and determine their lineage and stage of...

Lymphoma Flow Cytometry Panel: B-Cell, T-Cell, NK-Cell Markers, and Classification

Learn how lymphoma flow cytometry uses B-cell, T-cell, and NK-cell markers to detect clonality, classify abnormal populations, and guide confirmatory testing.

A lymphoma flow cytometry panel looks for abnormal lymphoid cells and characterizes them as B cells, T cells, NK cells, plasma cells, or precursor...

Minimal Residual Disease (MRD) Test for Leukemia: Flow Cytometry, PCR, NGS, and Monitoring

Understand leukemia MRD testing with flow cytometry, PCR, and NGS, including sensitivity, positive and negative results, timing, relapse risk, and test limitations.

A measurable residual disease (MRD) test looks for leukemia cells that remain after treatment at levels far below what a routine blood count or...

Minimal Residual Disease (MRD) Test for Myeloma: Flow Cytometry, NGS, and Recurrence Risk

Understand multiple myeloma MRD testing by flow cytometry and NGS, including 10⁻⁵ to 10⁻⁶ sensitivity, negative and positive results, recurrence risk, and limitations.

A measurable residual disease (MRD) test for multiple myeloma looks for very small numbers of abnormal plasma cells that remain after treatment, even when...

MPL Mutation Test: Myeloproliferative Neoplasm, Thrombocytosis, and Mutation Meaning

Understand MPL mutation testing for thrombocytosis and myeloproliferative neoplasms, including W515 variants, positive and negative results, VAF, ET, and myelofibrosis.

An MPL mutation test looks for acquired changes in the MPL gene, which encodes the thrombopoietin receptor that helps regulate platelet-producing megakaryocytes. Somatic MPL...