Evidence-Based Supplement & Herb Guides

CD20 IHC Test: B-Cell Lymphoma Marker, B-Cell Lineage, and Positive Staining

Learn what CD20-positive IHC staining means, how it supports B-cell lymphoma lineage, why some B-cell tumors are CD20 negative, and how CD20 can relate to targeted therapy.

CD20 immunohistochemistry (IHC) is one of the most widely used tissue stains for identifying mature B cells and B-cell lymphomas. A positive result can...

CD30 IHC Test: Hodgkin Lymphoma, T-Cell Lymphoma, and Positive Staining

Understand what a CD30 IHC test shows, how positive staining is interpreted in Hodgkin lymphoma and T-cell lymphoma, and why CD30 results require a full pathology panel.

CD30 immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a tissue test that shows whether cells in a biopsy express the CD30 protein. Pathologists use the staining pattern together...

CD34 IHC Test: Leukemia, Vascular Tumors, Stem Cell Marker, and Positive Staining

Learn what CD34 IHC positivity means in bone marrow, leukemia, vascular tumors, and soft-tissue tumors, including staining patterns, pitfalls, and follow-up tests.

CD34 immunohistochemistry (IHC) detects the CD34 protein in tissue and is used mainly to identify hematopoietic precursor cells, blood-vessel endothelium, and a range of...

CD45 IHC Test: Leukocyte Common Antigen, Lymphoma Marker, and Tumor Origin

Understand CD45 (leukocyte common antigen) IHC, what positive or negative staining means, how it helps identify lymphoma, and why marker panels are essential.

CD45 immunohistochemistry (IHC), also called leukocyte common antigen or LCA staining, detects a protein expressed on most nucleated blood and immune cells. Pathologists use...

CD56 IHC Test: Neuroendocrine Tumor, NK Cell Tumor, and Positive Staining

Learn what CD56 IHC positivity means in neuroendocrine tumors and NK-cell neoplasms, including staining patterns, marker panels, diagnostic pitfalls, and next steps.

CD56 immunohistochemistry (IHC) detects neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) in tissue. Pathologists most often use CD56 as part of a panel for neuroendocrine tumors...

CD117 (c-KIT) IHC Test: GIST, Mast Cell Tumors, Positive Staining, and Meaning

Understand what CD117 (c-KIT) IHC positivity means in GIST, mast cell disorders, leukemia, and other tumors, including staining patterns and follow-up tests.

CD117 immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a tissue stain that detects the KIT receptor protein on or within cells. Pathologists use it most often when evaluating...

CDX2 IHC Test: Colorectal Cancer Marker, GI Tumor Origin, and Positive Staining

Understand CDX2 IHC positivity in colorectal and GI cancers, including nuclear staining, metastatic tumor-origin panels, CDX2-negative colorectal cancer, and key pitfalls.

CDX2 immunohistochemistry (IHC) detects a nuclear transcription factor involved in intestinal epithelial differentiation. Pathologists use it most often to support gastrointestinal—especially colorectal—origin in an...

Chromogranin IHC Test: Neuroendocrine Tumor Marker, Positive Staining, and Tumor Differentiation

Understand chromogranin IHC positivity in neuroendocrine tumors, including granular staining, tumor differentiation, marker panels, negative results, and diagnostic pitfalls.

Chromogranin immunohistochemistry (IHC) detects proteins found in neurosecretory granules and is one of the classic tissue markers used to confirm neuroendocrine differentiation. Pathologists most...

Cyclin D1 IHC Test: Mantle Cell Lymphoma Marker, Positive Staining, and Diagnosis

Learn how cyclin D1 IHC supports mantle cell lymphoma diagnosis, what nuclear positivity means, why rare MCL can be negative, and which confirmatory tests are used.

Cyclin D1 immunohistochemistry (IHC) detects a cell-cycle protein that is strongly associated with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) when it is abnormally expressed in B...

Cytokeratin 7 (CK7) IHC Test: Tumor Origin, Positive Staining Pattern, and Cancer Type

Learn what CK7 IHC positivity means, which cancers are often CK7 positive or negative, how CK7/CK20 patterns guide tumor origin, and where pitfalls occur.

Cytokeratin 7 (CK7) immunohistochemistry (IHC) detects keratin 7, a structural protein expressed by many glandular and transitional epithelia. Pathologists use CK7 primarily to help...

Cytokeratin 20 (CK20) IHC Test: GI Cancer, Bladder Cancer, Tumor Origin, and Staining Pattern

Understand CK20 IHC in colorectal, GI, bladder, and metastatic cancer, including CK7/CK20 patterns, positive staining, common pitfalls, and site-of-origin testing.

Cytokeratin 20 (CK20) immunohistochemistry (IHC) detects keratin 20, an intermediate-filament protein normally expressed by selected epithelial cells, especially in the lower gastrointestinal tract and...

D2-40 IHC Test: Mesothelioma, Lymphatic Tumor Marker, and Positive Staining

Understand D2-40 IHC in mesothelioma and lymphatic pathology, including membranous positivity, reactive mesothelial staining, marker panels, BAP1/MTAP, and pitfalls.

D2-40 immunohistochemistry (IHC) is an antibody stain that detects podoplanin, a cell-surface glycoprotein expressed by lymphatic endothelial cells, mesothelial cells, and several tumors. Pathologists...

Desmin IHC Test: Muscle Tumor Marker, Sarcoma Classification, and Positive Staining

Learn how desmin IHC staining helps identify muscle differentiation, classify smooth-muscle and skeletal-muscle tumors, and guide sarcoma diagnosis.

Desmin immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a tissue stain that helps pathologists identify muscle differentiation in a tumor. Desmin is an intermediate-filament protein normally found in...

DOG1 IHC Test: Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor Marker, GIST Diagnosis, and Positive Staining

DOG1 IHC helps diagnose gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Learn what positive staining means, how it compares with KIT, and when molecular testing is needed.

DOG1 immunohistochemistry is mainly used to help identify gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs), especially when the tumor’s shape and location suggest GIST but other stains...

DPC4 IHC Test: Pancreatic Cancer, SMAD4 Loss, and IHC Interpretation

DPC4/SMAD4 IHC helps evaluate pancreatic cancer by showing retained or lost SMAD4 protein. Learn what SMAD4 loss means, how the stain is interpreted, and why other tests are still needed.

DPC4 immunohistochemistry is a tissue test that shows whether tumor cells retain or lose SMAD4 protein, a tumor-suppressor protein frequently altered in pancreatic ductal...

Estrogen Receptor (ER) IHC Test: Breast Cancer Hormone Receptor Status and Positive Score

Estrogen receptor IHC measures ER protein in breast cancer. Learn the 1% positive cutoff, what ER Low Positive at 1%–10% means, how results are scored, and how ER status guides hormone therapy.

Estrogen receptor (ER) immunohistochemistry is the standard tissue test used to determine whether a breast cancer expresses estrogen receptors and may benefit from endocrine...