Evidence-Based Supplement & Herb Guides

Urine Calcium Test for Kidney Stones: High Calcium, Hypercalciuria, and Stone Risk

Understand urine calcium testing for kidney stones, including hypercalciuria ranges, causes, sodium and oxalate effects, stone risk, treatment, and follow-up.

A urine calcium test measures how much calcium is excreted into the urine and helps identify hypercalciuria, one of the most common metabolic risk...

Urine Citrate Test: Low Citrate, Kidney Stone Risk, and Stone Prevention Evaluation

Understand urine citrate testing for kidney stones, including low citrate ranges, causes, calcium stone risk, potassium citrate treatment, pH effects, and follow-up.

A urine citrate test measures citrate excreted in the urine and helps identify hypocitraturia, a common and treatable risk factor for calcium kidney stones....

Urine Cystine Test: Cystinuria, Cystine Stones, and High Cystine Levels

Understand urine cystine testing for cystinuria, including high cystine results, 24-hour urine targets, cystine capacity, pH, fluid goals, treatment, and follow-up.

A urine cystine test looks for excess cystine, the poorly soluble amino acid responsible for stones in people with cystinuria. Cystinuria is an inherited...

Urine Magnesium Test for Kidney Stones: Low Levels, Mineral Balance, and Stone Risk

A urine magnesium test helps assess low magnesium, calcium oxalate stone risk, mineral balance, collection ranges, causes, and next steps in a 24-hour urine workup.

A urine magnesium test measures how much magnesium your kidneys excrete, usually over 24 hours. In a kidney stone evaluation, the result is useful...

Urine Oxalate Test: High Oxalate, Calcium Oxalate Stones, and Stone Risk

A urine oxalate test helps identify hyperoxaluria, calcium oxalate stone risk, diet and malabsorption causes, useful ranges, and practical ways to lower urinary oxalate.

A urine oxalate test measures how much oxalate your body excretes into urine, usually over 24 hours. It is one of the most useful...

Urine pH Test for Kidney Stones: Acidic, Alkaline, Uric Acid Stones, and Struvite Stones

Learn how urine pH affects uric acid, calcium phosphate, and struvite stones, what acidic or alkaline results mean, and how pH is tested and followed safely.

A urine pH test shows how acidic or alkaline your urine is. For kidney stone evaluation, pH is important because different stone minerals crystallize...

Urine Phosphorus Test for Kidney Stones: Mineral Balance and Calcium Phosphate Risk

A urine phosphorus test helps assess mineral balance, 24-hour phosphorus results, and calcium phosphate stone risk alongside urine pH, calcium, citrate, and volume.

A urine phosphorus test measures how much phosphorus, mainly as phosphate, is excreted in urine over a set period. In kidney stone evaluation, a...

Urine Sodium Test for Kidney Stones: High Salt Intake and Calcium Stone Risk

A urine sodium test can reveal high salt intake that raises urinary calcium and calcium stone risk, with practical ranges, food sources, collection tips, and follow-up guidance.

A urine sodium test estimates how much sodium your kidneys excrete, usually over 24 hours. In kidney stone prevention, it is useful because most...

Urine Supersaturation Test: Calcium Oxalate, Calcium Phosphate, Uric Acid, and Stone Risk

A urine supersaturation test estimates calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, and uric acid crystallization risk and shows how pH, volume, and urine chemistry interact.

A urine supersaturation test estimates how strongly your urine favors crystal formation for specific stone minerals, most often calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, and uric...

Urine Uric Acid Test for Kidney Stones: High Uric Acid, Gout, and Stone Risk

A urine uric acid test helps assess hyperuricosuria, acidic urine, gout-related factors, and uric acid or calcium oxalate kidney stone risk.

A urine uric acid test measures how much uric acid leaves the body in urine, usually over 24 hours. In kidney stone evaluation, it...

Urine Volume Test for Kidney Stones: Low Volume, Dehydration, and Stone Risk

A urine volume test shows whether urine output is low enough to concentrate stone-forming minerals and helps guide hydration targets for kidney stone prevention.

A urine volume test measures how much urine you produce over a set period, usually 24 hours, and it is one of the most...

Acute Kidney Injury Blood Test Panel: Creatinine, BUN, Electrolytes, Urine Output, and Meaning

Understand an acute kidney injury blood test panel, including creatinine, BUN, potassium, bicarbonate, urine output, AKI stages, causes, and urgent warning signs.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a sudden decline in kidney function that develops over hours to days. No single blood test proves AKI by...

Albumin Blood Test in Kidney Disease: Low Levels, Nutrition, Protein Loss, and Inflammation

Learn how to interpret an albumin blood test in kidney disease, including normal ranges, low albumin, protein loss, nephrotic syndrome, nutrition, inflammation, and follow-up.

An albumin blood test measures albumin, the most abundant protein in blood plasma. The liver makes albumin, and healthy kidneys normally keep almost all...

Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP) Test: Kidney Function, Electrolytes, Glucose, and Results

Learn what a basic metabolic panel (BMP) measures, including creatinine, BUN, electrolytes, bicarbonate, glucose, and calcium, plus normal ranges and abnormal result patterns.

A basic metabolic panel (BMP) is a common blood test that checks eight measurements related to kidney function, electrolytes, acid-base balance, blood sugar, and...

Beta-2 Microglobulin Blood Test: High Levels, Kidney Function, and Tubular Damage

Learn what a beta-2 microglobulin blood test means, why B2M rises with low kidney function, how blood and urine B2M differ, and how high levels are interpreted.

A beta-2 microglobulin (B2M or β2M) blood test measures a small protein that is continuously released by most nucleated cells. Healthy kidneys filter beta-2...

Bicarbonate Blood Test in Kidney Disease: Metabolic Acidosis, Low Levels, and CKD Meaning

Understand bicarbonate blood tests in kidney disease, including low CO2 levels, metabolic acidosis, CKD causes, anion gap interpretation, treatment thresholds, and monitoring.

A bicarbonate blood test helps show whether the body is keeping acids and bases in balance. On a routine chemistry panel, bicarbonate is usually...