Evidence-Based Supplement & Herb Guides

Autoimmune Liver Disease Antibody Panel: AMA, SMA, LKM, ANA, and Liver Diagnosis

Understand how AMA, SMA, LKM-1, ANA, SLA, and related antibodies help evaluate autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cholangitis, overlap disease, and abnormal liver tests.

An autoimmune liver disease antibody panel helps investigate unexplained liver inflammation or bile duct injury. It commonly includes antimitochondrial antibodies (AMA), smooth muscle or...

Autoimmune Neurology Antibody Panel: Nerve, Brain, Muscle Antibodies, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

Learn how autoimmune neurology panels test antibodies linked to brain, spinal cord, nerve, neuromuscular junction, and muscle disorders and how results are interpreted.

An autoimmune neurology antibody panel looks for immune proteins associated with disorders of the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, neuromuscular junction, or muscles. The...

Celiac Disease Antibody Panel: tTG-IgA, EMA, DGP, Total IgA, and Diagnosis

Learn how tTG-IgA, EMA, DGP, and total IgA are used to screen for celiac disease, interpret positive or negative results, and guide biopsy or follow-up.

A celiac disease antibody panel helps determine whether the immune system is reacting to gluten in a way that may damage the small intestine....

CH50 Complement Test: Total Complement Activity, Low Levels, and Immune Function

Learn what a CH50 complement test measures, why levels may be low or absent, how CH50 and AH50 patterns are interpreted, and which follow-up tests may be needed.

The CH50 complement test checks whether the classical complement pathway can complete a full immune reaction from start to finish. Complement proteins circulate in...

ENA 6 Panel Test: SSA/Ro, SSB/La, Sm, RNP, Scl-70, Jo-1, and Autoimmune Meaning

Learn how an ENA 6 panel interprets SSA/Ro, SSB/La, Sm, RNP, Scl-70, and Jo-1 antibodies in lupus, Sjögren disease, scleroderma, MCTD, and myositis.

An ENA 6 panel checks for six autoantibodies that are commonly associated with systemic connective tissue diseases: SSA/Ro, SSB/La, Smith, RNP, Scl-70, and Jo-1....

ENA 10 Panel Test: Connective Tissue Disease Antibodies, Lupus, Sjogren, and Scleroderma

Understand what an ENA 10 panel tests, how SSA, SSB, Sm, RNP, Scl-70, Jo-1, and other antibodies relate to lupus, Sjögren disease, scleroderma, and overlap syndromes.

An ENA 10 panel is a group of blood tests that looks for autoantibodies directed against specific cellular proteins. These antibodies can help distinguish...

Extractable Nuclear Antigen (ENA) Panel: Autoimmune Antibodies, Connective Tissue Disease, and Meaning

Learn what an extractable nuclear antigen panel tests, how ENA antibodies relate to lupus, Sjögren disease, scleroderma, MCTD, and myositis, and what positive or negative results mean.

An extractable nuclear antigen panel is a group of blood tests that identifies autoantibodies linked to systemic connective tissue diseases. It is usually used...

IgA Blood Test: High, Low, Normal Range, Celiac Disease, and Immune Meaning

Learn how to interpret an IgA blood test, including age-specific normal ranges, causes of high or low IgA, selective IgA deficiency, and its effect on celiac disease testing.

An IgA blood test measures immunoglobulin A, an antibody that helps protect surfaces exposed to the outside world, especially the respiratory and digestive tracts....

Immunoglobulin Blood Test: IgG, IgA, IgM, High and Low Levels, and Immune Function

Understand IgG, IgA, and IgM blood test results, including normal ranges, causes of high or low levels, immune deficiency patterns, and polyclonal versus monoclonal increases.

An immunoglobulin blood test measures the main antibody classes in serum—usually IgG, IgA, and IgM—to look for patterns of low antibody production or excessive...

Myositis Autoantibody Panel: Muscle Inflammation Antibodies, Lung Disease Risk, and Diagnosis

Learn how a myositis autoantibody panel identifies muscle-disease phenotypes, lung-risk antibodies, necrotizing myopathy markers, cancer associations, and next diagnostic steps.

A myositis autoantibody panel looks for immune proteins associated with inflammatory muscle diseases and related syndromes. The result can help connect a pattern of...

Paraneoplastic Autoantibody Panel: Cancer-Related Immune Antibodies, Neurologic Symptoms, and Meaning

Understand paraneoplastic autoantibody panels, including high-risk neural antibodies, neurologic syndromes, cancer associations, serum versus CSF testing, and follow-up after positive or negative results.

A paraneoplastic autoantibody panel tests for immune markers associated with neurologic syndromes that can arise when an antitumor immune response also targets the nervous...

Rheumatoid Factor (RF) Test: Positive, Negative, High Levels, and Rheumatoid Arthritis Meaning

Understand rheumatoid factor test results, including normal ranges, low and high positive RF, non-RA causes, seronegative rheumatoid arthritis, anti-CCP testing, and next diagnostic steps.

A rheumatoid factor test measures an autoantibody that can support the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis when inflammatory joint symptoms are present. Most clinical assays...

Systemic Autoimmune Rheumatic Disease (SARD) Panel: ANA, ENA, Autoantibodies, and Diagnosis

Understand SARD panels, including ANA methods, titers and patterns, ENA reflex antibodies, lupus, Sjögren and scleroderma associations, false positives, negative results, and organ-based follow-up.

A systemic autoimmune rheumatic disease panel combines antinuclear antibody screening with selected disease-associated autoantibodies to help evaluate lupus, Sjögren disease, systemic sclerosis, mixed connective...

Thyroid Antibody Panel: TPOAb, TgAb, TRAb, Hashimoto, Graves, and Autoimmune Thyroid Disease

Understand TPOAb, TgAb, TRAb and TSI results, including Hashimoto and Graves patterns, normal thyroid function with positive antibodies, pregnancy risks, monitoring, and treatment meaning.

A thyroid antibody panel helps determine whether an overactive or underactive thyroid has an autoimmune cause. The main tests are thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb),...

Tissue Transglutaminase (tTG-IgA) Test: Celiac Disease Screening, Positive Result, and Meaning

Learn what a tTG-IgA test screens for, how to interpret negative, borderline, and positive celiac results, and why total IgA, gluten intake, and biopsy matter.

The tissue transglutaminase IgA test, usually shortened to tTG-IgA, is the main blood test used to screen for celiac disease. It detects an autoimmune...

Anticardiolipin IgA Antibody Test: Antiphospholipid Antibodies and APS Risk

Learn how the anticardiolipin IgA antibody test is interpreted, why IgA is not an APS criteria marker, and what a positive result may mean for clotting and pregnancy risk.

The anticardiolipin IgA antibody test measures IgA-class antibodies that react with cardiolipin-associated antigen complexes. It is sometimes added when a person has thrombosis, pregnancy...

Anticardiolipin IgG Antibody Test: Clotting Risk, Pregnancy Loss, and APS Meaning

Learn how anticardiolipin IgG levels are interpreted, why persistent moderate or high results matter, and how the test relates to APS, clotting, and pregnancy loss.

The anticardiolipin IgG antibody test measures IgG autoantibodies that bind cardiolipin-associated targets in the blood. It is one of the main laboratory tests used...

Anticardiolipin IgM Antibody Test: Clotting Risk, Pregnancy Loss, and APS Meaning

Learn how anticardiolipin IgM results are interpreted, why low values may be temporary, and when persistent IgM may matter for APS, clotting, and pregnancy loss.

The anticardiolipin IgM antibody test detects IgM-class antibodies that react with cardiolipin-associated targets. It is one of the accepted laboratory tests used in antiphospholipid...

Anti-Phosphatidylethanolamine Antibody Test: Antiphospholipid Marker and Pregnancy Loss Risk

Learn what an anti-phosphatidylethanolamine antibody test measures, how a positive aPE result relates to pregnancy loss, and why it does not diagnose APS alone.

The anti-phosphatidylethanolamine antibody test looks for immune proteins that react with phosphatidylethanolamine, a phospholipid found in cell membranes and platelet-related structures. These antibodies, often...

Anti-Phosphatidylserine Antibody Test: APS Marker, Positive Result, and Meaning

Understand what an anti-phosphatidylserine antibody test measures, how positive and borderline results are interpreted, and why the marker does not diagnose APS alone.

An anti-phosphatidylserine antibody test detects autoantibodies that react with phosphatidylserine, a membrane phospholipid that becomes exposed when cells are activated, injured, or undergoing programmed...