Evidence-Based Supplement & Herb Guides

IDH1 Mutation Test for AML: Mutation Status, Molecular Result, and AML Meaning

Understand what an IDH1 mutation test means in AML, including R132 variants, positive and negative results, VAF, prognosis, targeted IDH1 therapy, and follow-up.

An IDH1 mutation test looks for acquired changes in the IDH1 gene that occur in a subset of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Most AML-associated...

IDH2 Mutation Test for AML: Mutation Status, Molecular Result, and AML Meaning

Learn how to interpret an IDH2 mutation test in AML, including R140 and R172 results, VAF, prognosis, enasidenib treatment relevance, and follow-up testing.

An IDH2 mutation test checks leukemia cells for acquired changes in the IDH2 gene, most often at codons R140 or R172. These mutations alter...

JAK2 Exon 12 Mutation Test: Polycythemia Vera Marker and JAK2-Negative Workup

Learn what a JAK2 exon 12 mutation test means in V617F-negative erythrocytosis, how it supports polycythemia vera diagnosis, and what to do after a negative result.

A JAK2 exon 12 mutation test is most often used when polycythemia vera (PV) is suspected but the common JAK2 V617F mutation is not...

JAK2 V617F Mutation Test: Myeloproliferative Neoplasm, Polycythemia Vera, and Positive Result

Learn how to interpret a JAK2 V617F mutation test, including positive results, polycythemia vera and MPN meaning, VAF, negative follow-up, and prognosis.

A JAK2 V617F mutation test looks for a specific acquired DNA change that activates JAK-STAT signaling in blood-forming cells. It is one of the...

Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Test for Blood Cancer: High Levels, Prognosis, and Disease Activity

Learn what a high LDH test can mean in leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma, including prognosis, disease activity, false elevations, reference ranges, and tumor lysis risk.

A lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) test measures an enzyme that is released when cells are damaged or turn over rapidly. In blood cancers, LDH can...

Leukemia Flow Cytometry Panel: Cell Markers, Immunophenotype, Blasts, and Diagnosis

Understand leukemia flow cytometry panels, including CD markers, immunophenotype, blast assessment, AML and ALL patterns, test limits, and follow-up testing.

A leukemia flow cytometry panel analyzes proteins on and inside blood-forming cells to identify abnormal cell populations and determine their lineage and stage of...

Lymphoma Flow Cytometry Panel: B-Cell, T-Cell, NK-Cell Markers, and Classification

Learn how lymphoma flow cytometry uses B-cell, T-cell, and NK-cell markers to detect clonality, classify abnormal populations, and guide confirmatory testing.

A lymphoma flow cytometry panel looks for abnormal lymphoid cells and characterizes them as B cells, T cells, NK cells, plasma cells, or precursor...

Minimal Residual Disease (MRD) Test for Leukemia: Flow Cytometry, PCR, NGS, and Monitoring

Understand leukemia MRD testing with flow cytometry, PCR, and NGS, including sensitivity, positive and negative results, timing, relapse risk, and test limitations.

A measurable residual disease (MRD) test looks for leukemia cells that remain after treatment at levels far below what a routine blood count or...

Minimal Residual Disease (MRD) Test for Myeloma: Flow Cytometry, NGS, and Recurrence Risk

Understand multiple myeloma MRD testing by flow cytometry and NGS, including 10⁻⁵ to 10⁻⁶ sensitivity, negative and positive results, recurrence risk, and limitations.

A measurable residual disease (MRD) test for multiple myeloma looks for very small numbers of abnormal plasma cells that remain after treatment, even when...

MPL Mutation Test: Myeloproliferative Neoplasm, Thrombocytosis, and Mutation Meaning

Understand MPL mutation testing for thrombocytosis and myeloproliferative neoplasms, including W515 variants, positive and negative results, VAF, ET, and myelofibrosis.

An MPL mutation test looks for acquired changes in the MPL gene, which encodes the thrombopoietin receptor that helps regulate platelet-producing megakaryocytes. Somatic MPL...

Multiple Myeloma Test Panel: M Protein, Free Light Chains, Immunofixation, and Staging

Understand the multiple myeloma test panel, including M protein, SPEP, immunofixation, free light chains, marrow testing, FISH, CRAB criteria, and staging.

A multiple myeloma test panel combines several blood, urine, bone marrow, and imaging studies because no single test can diagnose or stage myeloma reliably....

MYC Rearrangement Test: Burkitt Lymphoma, Double-Hit Lymphoma, and High-Grade Disease

Understand MYC rearrangement testing in Burkitt and high-grade B-cell lymphoma, including FISH, double-hit MYC/BCL2 disease, BCL6, and double-expressor differences.

A MYC rearrangement test looks for a structural chromosome change that places the MYC gene under abnormal regulatory control, driving rapid cell growth. In...

MYD88 L265P Mutation Test: Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia, Lymphoplasmacytic Lymphoma, and Mutation Meaning

Understand MYD88 L265P testing in Waldenström macroglobulinemia and lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, including positive and negative results, assay sensitivity, and CXCR4 context.

A MYD88 L265P mutation test looks for a specific acquired change in the MYD88 gene that is strongly associated with lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (LPL) and...

Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS) Mutation Panel: Risk Genes, Prognosis, and Molecular Profile

A myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) mutation panel looks for acquired gene changes in blood-forming cells that can help define a myeloid clone, refine an MDS...

Myeloproliferative Neoplasm Panel: JAK2, CALR, MPL, and Molecular Diagnosis

Understand JAK2, CALR and MPL MPN panel testing, including positive and negative results, triple-negative disease, molecular diagnosis of PV, ET and myelofibrosis.

A myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) panel tests for acquired gene mutations that drive abnormal blood-cell production, most importantly JAK2, CALR, and MPL. These mutations are...

NPM1 Mutation Test: AML Prognosis, MRD, Mutation Status, and Result Meaning

Understand NPM1 mutation testing in AML, including mutation status, prognosis, co-mutations, MRD monitoring, molecular relapse, and treatment decisions.

An NPM1 mutation test looks for acquired changes in the NPM1 gene that are especially important in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). NPM1-mutated AML is...

PML-RARA Fusion Test: Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia, Gene Fusion, and MRD Monitoring

Learn how PML-RARA testing confirms acute promyelocytic leukemia, how PCR and FISH differ, and how molecular MRD monitoring detects persistent or recurrent APL.

A PML-RARA fusion test looks for the defining genetic abnormality of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). In most APL, parts of the PML gene on...

RUNX1 Mutation Test: AML, Myelodysplastic Syndrome Risk, and Mutation Meaning

Understand RUNX1 mutation testing in AML and MDS, including result meaning, modern classification, prognosis, germline risk, and follow-up implications.

A RUNX1 mutation test looks for changes in the RUNX1 gene, a major regulator of blood-cell development. Acquired RUNX1 mutations occur in a subset...

Serum Free Light Chain Test: Kappa, Lambda, Ratio, Myeloma, and Plasma Cell Disorders

Understand serum free light chain testing for kappa, lambda, and the ratio, including kidney effects, myeloma and MGUS patterns, and treatment monitoring.

A serum free light chain test measures free kappa (κ) and free lambda (λ) immunoglobulin light chains in the blood and calculates the kappa-to-lambda...

Serum Immunofixation Test: Monoclonal Protein Type, Myeloma, and Plasma Cell Disorders

Understand serum immunofixation results, including monoclonal protein type, IgG/IgA/IgM and kappa/lambda patterns, myeloma testing, MGUS, and follow-up.

A serum immunofixation test looks for an abnormal monoclonal immunoglobulin in blood and identifies what type it is. The result can help confirm that...