Evidence-Based Supplement & Herb Guides

Leukemia Flow Cytometry Panel: Cell Markers, Immunophenotype, Blasts, and Diagnosis

Understand leukemia flow cytometry panels, including CD markers, immunophenotype, blast assessment, AML and ALL patterns, test limits, and follow-up testing.

A leukemia flow cytometry panel analyzes proteins on and inside blood-forming cells to identify abnormal cell populations and determine their lineage and stage of...

Lymphoma Flow Cytometry Panel: B-Cell, T-Cell, NK-Cell Markers, and Classification

Learn how lymphoma flow cytometry uses B-cell, T-cell, and NK-cell markers to detect clonality, classify abnormal populations, and guide confirmatory testing.

A lymphoma flow cytometry panel looks for abnormal lymphoid cells and characterizes them as B cells, T cells, NK cells, plasma cells, or precursor...

Minimal Residual Disease (MRD) Test for Leukemia: Flow Cytometry, PCR, NGS, and Monitoring

Understand leukemia MRD testing with flow cytometry, PCR, and NGS, including sensitivity, positive and negative results, timing, relapse risk, and test limitations.

A measurable residual disease (MRD) test looks for leukemia cells that remain after treatment at levels far below what a routine blood count or...

Minimal Residual Disease (MRD) Test for Myeloma: Flow Cytometry, NGS, and Recurrence Risk

Understand multiple myeloma MRD testing by flow cytometry and NGS, including 10⁻⁵ to 10⁻⁶ sensitivity, negative and positive results, recurrence risk, and limitations.

A measurable residual disease (MRD) test for multiple myeloma looks for very small numbers of abnormal plasma cells that remain after treatment, even when...

MPL Mutation Test: Myeloproliferative Neoplasm, Thrombocytosis, and Mutation Meaning

Understand MPL mutation testing for thrombocytosis and myeloproliferative neoplasms, including W515 variants, positive and negative results, VAF, ET, and myelofibrosis.

An MPL mutation test looks for acquired changes in the MPL gene, which encodes the thrombopoietin receptor that helps regulate platelet-producing megakaryocytes. Somatic MPL...

Multiple Myeloma Test Panel: M Protein, Free Light Chains, Immunofixation, and Staging

Understand the multiple myeloma test panel, including M protein, SPEP, immunofixation, free light chains, marrow testing, FISH, CRAB criteria, and staging.

A multiple myeloma test panel combines several blood, urine, bone marrow, and imaging studies because no single test can diagnose or stage myeloma reliably....

MYC Rearrangement Test: Burkitt Lymphoma, Double-Hit Lymphoma, and High-Grade Disease

Understand MYC rearrangement testing in Burkitt and high-grade B-cell lymphoma, including FISH, double-hit MYC/BCL2 disease, BCL6, and double-expressor differences.

A MYC rearrangement test looks for a structural chromosome change that places the MYC gene under abnormal regulatory control, driving rapid cell growth. In...

MYD88 L265P Mutation Test: Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia, Lymphoplasmacytic Lymphoma, and Mutation Meaning

Understand MYD88 L265P testing in Waldenström macroglobulinemia and lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, including positive and negative results, assay sensitivity, and CXCR4 context.

A MYD88 L265P mutation test looks for a specific acquired change in the MYD88 gene that is strongly associated with lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (LPL) and...

Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS) Mutation Panel: Risk Genes, Prognosis, and Molecular Profile

A myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) mutation panel looks for acquired gene changes in blood-forming cells that can help define a myeloid clone, refine an MDS...

Myeloproliferative Neoplasm Panel: JAK2, CALR, MPL, and Molecular Diagnosis

Understand JAK2, CALR and MPL MPN panel testing, including positive and negative results, triple-negative disease, molecular diagnosis of PV, ET and myelofibrosis.

A myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) panel tests for acquired gene mutations that drive abnormal blood-cell production, most importantly JAK2, CALR, and MPL. These mutations are...

NPM1 Mutation Test: AML Prognosis, MRD, Mutation Status, and Result Meaning

Understand NPM1 mutation testing in AML, including mutation status, prognosis, co-mutations, MRD monitoring, molecular relapse, and treatment decisions.

An NPM1 mutation test looks for acquired changes in the NPM1 gene that are especially important in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). NPM1-mutated AML is...

PML-RARA Fusion Test: Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia, Gene Fusion, and MRD Monitoring

Learn how PML-RARA testing confirms acute promyelocytic leukemia, how PCR and FISH differ, and how molecular MRD monitoring detects persistent or recurrent APL.

A PML-RARA fusion test looks for the defining genetic abnormality of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). In most APL, parts of the PML gene on...

RUNX1 Mutation Test: AML, Myelodysplastic Syndrome Risk, and Mutation Meaning

Understand RUNX1 mutation testing in AML and MDS, including result meaning, modern classification, prognosis, germline risk, and follow-up implications.

A RUNX1 mutation test looks for changes in the RUNX1 gene, a major regulator of blood-cell development. Acquired RUNX1 mutations occur in a subset...

Serum Free Light Chain Test: Kappa, Lambda, Ratio, Myeloma, and Plasma Cell Disorders

Understand serum free light chain testing for kappa, lambda, and the ratio, including kidney effects, myeloma and MGUS patterns, and treatment monitoring.

A serum free light chain test measures free kappa (κ) and free lambda (λ) immunoglobulin light chains in the blood and calculates the kappa-to-lambda...

Serum Immunofixation Test: Monoclonal Protein Type, Myeloma, and Plasma Cell Disorders

Understand serum immunofixation results, including monoclonal protein type, IgG/IgA/IgM and kappa/lambda patterns, myeloma testing, MGUS, and follow-up.

A serum immunofixation test looks for an abnormal monoclonal immunoglobulin in blood and identifies what type it is. The result can help confirm that...

Serum Protein Electrophoresis (SPEP) Test: M Protein, Myeloma, and Monoclonal Gammopathy

Learn how to read an SPEP test, including M-spike meaning, monoclonal versus polyclonal patterns, myeloma and MGUS evaluation, limitations, and follow-up.

Serum protein electrophoresis, or SPEP, separates proteins in blood into recognizable fractions and can reveal a monoclonal protein, often called an M protein, M...

SOX11 Test: Mantle Cell Lymphoma Marker, Positive Staining, and Diagnostic Meaning

Understand SOX11 testing in mantle cell lymphoma, including positive nuclear staining, cyclin D1-negative MCL, SOX11-negative subtypes, diagnosis, and prognosis.

A SOX11 test is mainly a pathology test used to help identify and classify mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). SOX11 is a transcription factor that...

TET2 Mutation Test: Blood Cancer, Clonal Hematopoiesis, Myeloid Neoplasms, and Mutation Meaning

Understand TET2 mutation testing, including CHIP and CCUS, AML and MDS associations, variant allele frequency, cancer risk, prognosis, and appropriate follow-up.

A TET2 mutation test looks for acquired changes in the TET2 gene in blood or bone marrow cells. TET2 helps regulate DNA methylation and...

TP53 Mutation Test for Blood Cancer: High-Risk Leukemia, Mutation Status, and Prognosis

Understand TP53 mutation testing in blood cancer, including AML and MDS risk, multi-hit disease, del(17p), VAF, clonal hematopoiesis, and treatment impact.

A TP53 mutation test looks for changes in one of the body's most important tumor-suppressor genes. In blood cancers, TP53 abnormalities are especially important...

TP53 Test for CLL: del17p, TP53 Mutation, Treatment Risk, and Prognosis

Understand TP53 testing in CLL, including del(17p), TP53 mutations, low-VAF clones, when to repeat testing, targeted treatment choices, and modern prognosis.

TP53 testing is one of the most important genetic evaluations in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) because TP53 disruption can change which treatments are expected...