Evidence-Based Supplement & Herb Guides

MET Exon 14 Skipping Test: Lung Cancer, Targeted Therapy, and Results

Learn how MET exon 14 skipping testing finds an actionable lung cancer driver, why DNA and RNA methods differ, and how positive, negative, plasma, treatment, and resistance results are interpreted.

A MET exon 14 skipping test identifies DNA or RNA changes that remove exon 14 from the MET messenger RNA and keep the MET...

Microsatellite Instability (MSI) and Mismatch Repair Deficiency (dMMR) Test: Cancer Immunotherapy, Lynch Syndrome, and Results

Learn how MSI and dMMR testing guides cancer immunotherapy and Lynch syndrome evaluation, including IHC patterns, PCR, NGS, reflex testing, and discordant results.

Microsatellite instability and mismatch repair testing evaluate whether a tumor has lost an important DNA error-correction system. Mismatch repair deficiency (dMMR) is usually measured...

Minimal Residual Disease (MRD) Test: Cancer Recurrence Risk and Results

Learn how minimal residual disease (MRD) tests detect tiny amounts of cancer, what positive and negative results mean, and how testing may guide recurrence risk and follow-up.

A minimal residual disease test looks for very small amounts of cancer that remain after treatment, often at levels too low to appear on...

MLH1 Genetic Test: Lynch Syndrome, Colon Cancer Risk, and Results

Learn what an MLH1 genetic test shows, how results relate to Lynch syndrome and colon cancer risk, and what positive, negative, and uncertain findings mean for care and family.

An MLH1 genetic test looks for an inherited change in the MLH1 gene that prevents DNA mismatch repair from working normally. A pathogenic germline...

MPL Mutation Test: Myeloproliferative Neoplasm, Platelets, and Results

Learn how the MPL mutation test helps evaluate high platelets and myeloproliferative neoplasms, including positive, negative, VAF, treatment, and follow-up results.

An MPL mutation test looks for acquired changes in the MPL gene, most often in people with persistent high platelet counts or other findings...

MSH2 Genetic Test: Lynch Syndrome, Colon Cancer Risk, and Results

Learn what an MSH2 genetic test shows, how results relate to Lynch syndrome and colon cancer risk, and what positive, negative, and uncertain findings mean for care and family.

An MSH2 genetic test looks for an inherited change in the MSH2 gene that prevents DNA mismatch repair from working normally. A pathogenic germline...

MSH6 Genetic Test: Lynch Syndrome, Colon Cancer Risk, and Results

Learn what an MSH6 genetic test shows, how results relate to Lynch syndrome and colon cancer risk, and what positive, negative, and uncertain findings mean for care and family.

An MSH6 genetic test looks for an inherited change in the MSH6 gene that prevents DNA mismatch repair from working normally. A pathogenic germline...

MUTYH Genetic Test: Colon Polyposis, Cancer Risk, and Results

Learn how MUTYH genetic testing identifies polyposis risk, why two variants differ from one, and what positive, negative, carrier, and uncertain results mean.

A MUTYH genetic test looks for inherited variants in a DNA-repair gene linked to MUTYH-associated polyposis, or MAP. The most important distinction is whether...

MYC Rearrangement Test: Lymphoma, Leukemia, and Results

Understand MYC rearrangement test results in lymphoma and leukemia, including FISH, double-hit and triple-hit findings, double expression, prognosis, and treatment implications.

A MYC rearrangement test looks for a structural change that places the MYC gene next to a powerful regulatory region, causing excessive MYC activity...

MYD88 Mutation Test: Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia, Lymphoma, and Results

Learn how MYD88 mutation testing supports Waldenström macroglobulinemia and lymphoma diagnosis, including L265P results, methods, treatment relevance, and limits.

A MYD88 mutation test looks for an acquired change in the MYD88 gene, most often the p.L265P variant, in bone marrow, blood, lymph node...

NPM1 Mutation Test: AML Prognosis, Leukemia Genetics, and Results

Learn how NPM1 mutation testing classifies AML, affects prognosis, and supports sensitive MRD monitoring, including positive, negative, VAF, and treatment results.

An NPM1 mutation test looks for acquired changes in the nucleophosmin 1 gene in blood or bone marrow. NPM1 mutations occur in about one-third...

NRAS Mutation Test: Melanoma, Colon Cancer, and Results

Understand NRAS mutation test results in melanoma and colorectal cancer, including extended RAS coverage, anti-EGFR resistance, treatment relevance, and test limits.

An NRAS mutation test looks for acquired tumor changes that keep the RAS–MAPK growth pathway active. It is most often included in molecular testing...

NTRK Fusion Test: Cancer Targeted Therapy, Gene Fusion, and Results

Learn how NTRK fusion testing finds tumor-agnostic targets, compares RNA NGS, DNA NGS, IHC, and FISH, and guides TRK inhibitor treatment and resistance testing.

An NTRK fusion test looks for an abnormal joining of NTRK1, NTRK2, or NTRK3 with another gene. The fusion creates a continuously active TRK...

PALB2 Genetic Test: Breast Cancer Risk, Mutations, and Results

Learn what PALB2 genetic testing shows, how pathogenic variants affect breast, pancreatic, and ovarian cancer risk, and how positive, negative, and VUS results guide care.

A PALB2 genetic test looks for an inherited variant in a gene that works with BRCA1 and BRCA2 to repair broken DNA. A pathogenic...

PDGFRA Mutation Test: GIST, Targeted Therapy, and Results

Learn how PDGFRA mutation testing guides GIST diagnosis and therapy, including D842V, exon 18 results, imatinib resistance, avapritinib, and follow-up.

A PDGFRA mutation test looks for acquired changes in platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha, most often in a suspected or confirmed gastrointestinal stromal tumor...

PD-L1 Test: Cancer Immunotherapy, Expression Score, and Results

Learn how PD-L1 testing guides cancer immunotherapy, including TPS, CPS, assay clones, positive and negative scores, cancer-specific cutoffs, and test limitations.

A PD-L1 test uses immunohistochemistry to measure programmed death ligand 1 protein in a tumor sample. The result can help select immune checkpoint inhibitor...

PIK3CA Mutation Test: Breast Cancer, Targeted Therapy, and Results

Learn how PIK3CA mutation testing guides targeted therapy in HR-positive, HER2-negative advanced breast cancer, including tissue, plasma, alpelisib, and inavolisib results.

A PIK3CA mutation test looks for acquired changes in the gene that encodes the p110-alpha subunit of PI3K, a central growth and survival pathway....

PML-RARA Test: Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia, Fusion Gene, and Results

Learn how PML-RARA testing confirms acute promyelocytic leukemia, compares FISH with RT-PCR, guides ATRA and arsenic treatment, and monitors molecular remission.

A PML-RARA test detects the fusion gene that defines acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), a highly treatable but immediately dangerous subtype of acute myeloid leukemia....

PMS2 Genetic Test: Lynch Syndrome, Colon Cancer Risk, and Results

Learn what an PMS2 genetic test shows, how results relate to Lynch syndrome and colon cancer risk, and what positive, negative, and uncertain findings mean for care and family.

An PMS2 genetic test looks for an inherited change in the PMS2 gene that prevents DNA mismatch repair from working normally. A pathogenic germline...

PTEN Genetic Test: Cowden Syndrome, Cancer Risk, and Results

Learn how PTEN genetic testing can confirm Cowden syndrome, clarify cancer risks, explain positive, negative, and VUS results, and guide screening for patients and families.

A PTEN genetic test looks for an inherited pathogenic variant in the PTEN tumor-suppressor gene. A positive germline result can confirm PTEN hamartoma tumor...