Buprenorphine Use Disorder (BUD) is a type of substance use disorder (SUD) characterized by the misuse of buprenorphine, a partial opioid agonist commonly prescribed to treat opioid use disorder (OUD) and chronic pain. While buprenorphine is extremely effective at...
Body modification addiction is a behavioral condition characterized by an obsessive and often uncontrollable desire to alter or modify one's physical appearance through a variety of procedures such as tattoos, piercings, scarification, implants, and extreme body modifications. While this...
Binge Eating Disorder (BED) is a serious and complex mental health condition characterized by recurring episodes of eating large amounts of food in a short period of time, which is frequently accompanied by feelings of loss of control, distress,...
Binge Drinking Disorder is a type of alcohol use disorder defined by the consumption of large amounts of alcohol in a short period of time, resulting in a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.08% or greater. This drinking pattern...
Benzodiazepine addiction is a serious and frequently under-diagnosed condition characterized by compulsive use of benzodiazepine drugs, despite the negative effects on an individual's health, well-being, and daily functioning. Benzodiazepines are a type of psychoactive medication that is commonly used...
Barbiturate addiction is a serious and potentially fatal condition characterized by compulsive use of barbiturate drugs despite their negative consequences. Barbiturates are a class of drugs that depress the central nervous system. They were once commonly used to treat...
Approval seeking addiction is a psychological condition marked by an excessive and frequently compulsive desire for validation, acceptance, or affirmation from others. Individuals suffering from this addiction tend to derive their self-worth from external sources, such as the opinions...
Amphetamine addiction is a complex, chronic disorder characterized by compulsive use of amphetamine drugs in the face of negative consequences. Amphetamines are powerful stimulants of the central nervous system (CNS), including dextroamphetamine, methamphetamine, and mixed amphetamine salts. These drugs...
Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD), also known as alcoholism, is a chronic, relapsing brain disorder characterized by an inability to stop or control alcohol consumption despite the negative consequences to one's health, social life, or legal standing. AUD is classified...
Alcohol-Induced Psychotic Disorder (AIPD) is a severe mental health condition marked by the emergence of psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking that are directly related to excessive alcohol consumption. This condition frequently develops during or after...
Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome (AWS) is a potentially fatal condition that can occur when people abruptly reduce or discontinue their alcohol consumption after a period of heavy and prolonged use. This condition is a result of the central nervous system's...
Aerosol addiction, also known as inhalant abuse, is a substance use disorder characterized by the deliberate inhalation of aerosolized chemicals to produce a psychoactive or mind-altering effect. This type of addiction is especially concerning given the prevalence of aerosols...
The Zika virus, a mosquito-borne flavivirus, has received widespread attention due to its rapid spread and association with severe neurological and developmental issues, particularly in newborns. While much attention has been focused on the neurological consequences, such as microcephaly...
What is xanthelasma?
Xanthelasma, also known as xanthelasma palpebrarum, is a common, harmless condition in which yellowish plaques or nodules appear on the eyelids, particularly around the inner canthus (the area near the nose). Cholesterol deposits accumulate within the skin,...
White dot syndromes (WDS) are a collection of rare, idiopathic inflammatory conditions that primarily affect the retina, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and choroid. Multiple white or yellow-white lesions, or "dots," within the retina and choroid, which are often visible...
Waardenburg syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that causes auditory, pigmentary, and structural abnormalities. This condition is named after Dutch ophthalmologist Petrus Johannes Waardenburg, who first described it in 1951. It is characterized by distinctive facial features, varying degrees...
What is a V-Pattern Strabismus?
V-pattern strabismus is an eye misalignment in which the eyes diverge more during upward gaze and converge more during downward gaze, resulting in a distinctive "V" shape when plotted on an ocular motility chart. This...
Vossius ring, also known as Vossius ring sign, is an ocular condition in which a circular imprint appears on the anterior surface of the eye's lens. This ring is made up of pigment or epithelial cells from the iris...
What is vitritis?
Vitritis, also known as intermediate uveitis, is an ocular condition that causes inflammation of the vitreous humor, a clear, gel-like substance that fills the space between the lens and the retina in the eye. This condition is...
What is vitreous hemorrhage?
Vitreous hemorrhage is a medical condition in which blood leaks into the vitreous humor, a clear, gel-like substance that fills the space between the lens and retina in the eye. Depending on the severity and extent...
Vitreous floaters, also known as floaters, are small, shadowy shapes that move across the field of vision. They typically appear as spots, threads, or cobweb-like structures and are most visible against a plain, bright background, such as a clear...
Vitreous detachment, also known as posterior vitreous detachment (PVD), is a common ocular condition that occurs as part of the normal aging process. It is the separation of the vitreous body from the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the...
What is vitreous degeneration?
Vitreous degeneration is a common ocular condition characterized by the gradual breakdown and liquefaction of the vitreous humor, which is a gel-like substance that fills the eye. The vitreous humor fills the space between the lens...
Vitreous cysts are a rare but fascinating ocular condition characterized by cystic formations within the eye's vitreous body. The vitreous humor, also known as the vitreous, is a clear, gel-like substance that fills the space between the lens and...
Vitreous amyloidosis is a rare but serious ocular condition in which amyloid proteins accumulate in the eye's vitreous humor. Amyloidosis is a group of disorders in which abnormal proteins called amyloids accumulate in tissues and organs, causing dysfunction. When...
What is vitreoretinal lymphoma?
Vitreoretinal lymphoma (VRL) is a rare and aggressive cancer that affects the eye, particularly the vitreous and retina. It is a subtype of PCNSL, a non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Malignant lymphoid cells infiltrate the vitreous body and retina...
Vitreopapillary traction (VPT) is a rare but serious ocular condition that causes abnormal adhesion between the vitreous body and the optic nerve head, also known as the optic disc or papilla. This condition can cause a variety of visual...
Vitreomacular traction syndrome (VMT) is a condition that affects the eye, specifically the macula, which is the central portion of the retina responsible for detailed and sharp vision. VMT occurs when the vitreous humor, a gel-like substance that fills...
Vitreomacular adhesion (VMA) is an ocular condition characterized by an abnormal attachment between the vitreous humor and the macula, the central part of the retina responsible for fine detail perception. Understanding VMA requires a closer look at the eye's...
What is visual snow syndrome?
Visual Snow Syndrome (VSS) is a neurological condition characterized by persistent visual disturbances resembling static or "snow" on an untuned television screen. This syndrome can be extremely debilitating for those who suffer from it, as...
