Constrictive pericarditis: Treatment Options, Diuretics, Anti-Inflammatories, and Next Steps
Constrictive pericarditis is a condition where the pericardium—the thin sac around the heart—becomes thickened, scarred, and sometimes calcified. Instead of stretching smoothly as the...
Coronary artery aneurysm: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options
A coronary artery aneurysm is an abnormal “ballooning” of a section of a heart artery. It is not the same as a blockage, but...
Coronary artery disease Causes, Risk Factors, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Management.
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a slow, often silent process in which the arteries that feed the heart muscle become narrowed or unstable because...
Coronary artery dissection, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Recovery Guide
A coronary artery dissection happens when layers of a heart artery separate, creating a false channel within the vessel wall. Blood can track into...
Coronary artery ectasia: Risk Factors, Complications, and Long-Term Management
Coronary artery ectasia (CAE) is an abnormal widening of one or more coronary arteries—the vessels that supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle. Many...
Coronary artery embolism, Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Modern Treatment Options
A coronary artery embolism happens when material traveling in the bloodstream suddenly lodges inside a coronary artery and blocks blood flow to heart muscle....
Coronary artery fistula: Overview, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options
A coronary artery fistula is an unusual “shortcut” blood vessel that lets blood flow from a coronary artery into a heart chamber or nearby...
Coronary artery spasm: Causes, Triggers, Risk Factors, and Prevention
Coronary artery spasm is a sudden tightening of a coronary artery that briefly narrows the vessel and reduces blood flow to the heart muscle....
Coronary Embolism: Symptoms, Risk Factors, Atrial Fibrillation Links, and Prevention
Coronary embolism happens when material traveling in the bloodstream suddenly blocks a coronary artery and starves part of the heart muscle of oxygen. The...
Coronary microvascular disease: Causes, Risk Factors, and Microvascular Angina
Coronary microvascular disease (sometimes called coronary microvascular dysfunction) is a problem of the heart’s smallest blood vessels—arterioles and capillaries that cannot be seen well...
Coronary occlusion: Overview, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment
A coronary occlusion means a coronary artery has become blocked enough to stop—or nearly stop—blood flow to part of the heart muscle. When the...
Coronary steal phenomenon: Overview, Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis
The coronary steal phenomenon describes a situation where blood flow is diverted away from a part of the heart muscle that already has limited...
Coronary steal syndrome: Risk Factors, Complications, and Red-Flag Symptoms
Coronary steal syndrome is a situation where part of the heart becomes under-supplied with blood because flow is “pulled” toward an easier pathway. The...
Coronary thrombosis: Overview, Causes, Symptoms, and Emergency Warning Signs
Coronary thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot inside a coronary artery—the vessels that feed the heart muscle. When the clot grows quickly,...
Coronary vasospasm: Symptoms, Triggers, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options
Coronary vasospasm is a sudden, temporary tightening of a heart artery. When that artery narrows, the heart muscle may not get enough oxygen-rich blood,...
Coxsackie myocarditis: Causes, Risk Factors, and How the Virus Affects the Heart
Coxsackie myocarditis is a form of myocarditis—inflammation of the heart muscle—triggered by Coxsackie viruses, most often Coxsackie B. Many people first feel it like...
Critical limb ischemia: Revascularization Options, Endovascular vs Bypass
Critical limb ischemia (CLI) describes the most dangerous end of poor leg blood flow, when the foot or toes no longer receive enough oxygen...
Cryoglobulinemic vasculitis: Long-Term Management, Relapse Prevention, and Follow-Up Tests
Cryoglobulinemic vasculitis is a type of vasculitis (blood-vessel inflammation that can damage organs) caused by abnormal blood proteins called cryoglobulins (proteins that clump when...
Cystic adventitial disease: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Surgical Treatment Options
Cystic adventitial disease is a rare cause of reduced blood flow in an artery, most often behind the knee. Instead of plaque building up...
Cystic medial necrosis, Causes and risk factors, Marfan and genetic aortopathy
Cystic medial necrosis is a microscope-level change in the wall of a large artery—most often the aorta (the body’s main artery)—that can make that...
Bacterial endocarditis symptoms and treatment guide for infective endocarditis
Bacterial endocarditis (often called infective endocarditis) is a serious infection of the heart’s inner lining, usually involving one or more heart valves. It starts...
Bacterial myocarditis causes, common risk factors, and Treatment
Bacterial myocarditis is inflammation and injury of the heart muscle caused by bacteria or bacterial toxins. It is far less common than viral myocarditis,...
Bacterial pericarditis symptoms and early signs plus complications
Bacterial pericarditis is an infection of the pericardium—the thin, double-layered sac that surrounds the heart. While uncommon today, it remains one of the most...
Barlow’s syndrome symptoms and early signs plus warning clues
Barlow’s syndrome is a form of degenerative mitral valve disease in which the mitral valve leaflets become thickened and “redundant,” with elongated chordae (the...