Sleepwalking disorder: Diagnosis, Symptoms, Prevention Strategies, and Effective Therapies
Sleepwalking disorder, also known as somnambulism, involves complex behaviors—walking, talking, or performing tasks—during deep sleep stages, often with little to no memory upon waking. While most common in children, adults can also experience episodes that pose safety risks, disrupt family routines, and cause daytime fatigue. Understanding the unique mechanisms, recognizing early warning signs, and exploring evidence-based interventions empowers individuals...
Sleep terror disorder: Comprehensive Insights into Diagnosis, Symptoms, Risks, and Treatments
Sleep terror disorder—commonly known as night terrors—is a disruptive parasomnia in which individuals suddenly awaken from deep, non–rapid eye movement sleep in a panicked state, often exhibiting screaming, thrashing, or incoherent speech. Unlike nightmares, those affected have little to no recall of the event, leaving families bewildered and sleep quality severely impaired. Most prevalent in children but persisting into...
Shared Psychotic Disorder: Comprehensive Guide to Diagnosis, Symptoms, Risk Factors, and Treatments
Shared Psychotic Disorder, often called “folie imposée,” occurs when one individual’s delusional beliefs transfer to a closely connected person, leading both to share the same false convictions. This psychiatric phenomenon typically emerges in relationships marked by intense emotional dependence, social isolation, or power imbalances. Recognizing its unique dynamics—how beliefs originate, spread, and persist—enables timely intervention, helping restore independent thinking...
Shared Delusional Disorder: Recognizing Signs, Understanding Causes, and Effective Therapies
Shared Delusional Disorder occurs when a primary individual with a fixed, false belief (“delusion”) influences one or more close associates to share the same belief. Often referred to as “folie à deux,” this rare psychiatric condition typically arises in tightly knit relationships—spouses, siblings, or parent–child pairs—where isolation or emotional dependence strengthens the shared psychosis. Understanding its dynamics—how delusions originate,...
Sexual Sadism Disorder: Expert Insights on Symptoms, Assessment, and Management
Sexual Sadism Disorder involves recurrent, intense sexual arousal from inflicting physical or psychological suffering on another person. Unlike consensual BDSM activities—which hinge on mutual agreement, clear boundaries, and safety measures—this disorder is characterized by urges, fantasies, or behaviors that cause significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. Recognized in the DSM-5, diagnosis hinges...
Sexual aversion disorder: Risk Factors, Prevention, and Healing Strategies
Sexual aversion disorder is characterized by a profound, persistent fear or disgust of sexual contact that leads to avoidance of intimacy and distress in relationships. Unlike low desire, individuals with this condition actively recoil from any form of sexual activity, often experiencing panic, nausea, or repulsion at the thought of touching or being touched. This extreme aversion can emerge...
Severe Mental Illness: Key Indicators, Assessment & Therapeutic Strategies
Severe Mental Illness: Diagnosis, Signs and Symptoms, Risk Factors, and Treatment Options Severe mental illnesses (SMI) encompass a spectrum of psychiatric conditions—such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder with psychotic features—that profoundly disrupt thinking, perception, and daily functioning. These conditions often emerge in late adolescence or early adulthood, persisting for years without proper intervention. Individuals with SMI may...
Separation Anxiety Disorder: Key Indicators, Assessment & Therapeutic Strategies
Separation Anxiety Disorder: Diagnosis, Signs and Symptoms, Risk Factors, and Treatment Options Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD) is characterized by an excessive, developmentally inappropriate fear or anxiety concerning separation from attachment figures—most often parents or caregivers. While occasional distress at parting is typical in young children, SAD involves persistent, intense worry lasting at least four weeks in children (six months in...
Sensory processing disorder: Understanding Symptoms, Causes, and Therapies
Sensory processing disorder (SPD) involves an atypical response to sensory stimuli—touch, sound, taste, movement—that disrupts everyday activities and emotional well-being. Children and adults with SPD may overreact to ordinary sensations, avoid certain textures or noises, or seek intense sensory input to feel regulated. Though not universally recognized as a standalone diagnosis, SPD often accompanies neurodevelopmental conditions like autism or...
Self-identity disorder: In-Depth Guide to Symptoms, Risks, and Therapy Options
Self-identity disorder is characterized by a persistent and distressing uncertainty about one’s own sense of self, encompassing values, beliefs, roles, and personal narratives. Individuals may feel detached from their identity, experience frequent shifts in self-concept, or struggle to commit to goals, leading to confusion and emotional distress. Though not a standalone DSM-5 diagnosis, identity disturbances feature prominently in several...
Selective Mutism: Early Signs, Diagnosis, Risk Factors & Effective Interventions
Selective Mutism (SM) is an anxiety-based condition in which a child—or sometimes an adult—consistently fails to speak in specific social settings despite speaking normally in others. Often misunderstood as simple shyness, SM can interfere with academic performance, social development, and family life. Early recognition and intervention are key, as the condition typically emerges before age five and can persist...
Seasonal Affective Disorder: Signs, Causes, and Effective Treatments
Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) is a form of depression characterized by its predictable pattern linked to changing seasons. Typically emerging in late autumn and easing by spring, SAD affects mood, energy, appetite, and social engagement. While mild “winter blues” occur in many individuals, SAD can significantly impair daily functioning, making work, relationships, and personal interests challenging. Factors like reduced...
Schizotypal Personality Disorder: Diagnosis, Symptoms, Risk Factors, and Effective Therapies
Schizotypal Personality Disorder is characterized by pervasive patterns of social and interpersonal deficits, marked by acute discomfort with close relationships and cognitive or perceptual distortions. Individuals often display eccentric behaviors, odd beliefs or magical thinking, and unusual perceptual experiences. Though not fully psychotic, their worldview can seem strange to others, leading to social isolation, miscommunication, and misunderstanding. Emerging in...
Schizophrenia: Symptoms, Causes, and Comprehensive Treatment Approaches
Schizophrenia is a chronic, often severe mental health condition characterized by disruptions in thought, perception, and behavior. It typically emerges in late adolescence or early adulthood, affecting roughly 1% of the population worldwide. Individuals may experience hallucinations—most commonly hearing voices—fixed false beliefs (delusions), disorganized speech or behavior, and diminished motivation or emotional expression. These symptoms can profoundly impair daily...
Schizoid personality disorder: Recognizing Signs, Risk Factors, and Evidence-Based Treatments
Schizoid personality disorder is marked by a pervasive detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression. Individuals often prefer solitary activities, appear indifferent to praise or criticism, and seem emotionally cold. Unlike avoidant personality disorder, they aren’t anxious about rejection—they genuinely lack desire for close connections. Emerging in early adulthood, schizoid traits can lead to functional...
Schizoaffective Disorder: In-Depth Guide to Diagnosis, Symptoms, Risk Factors, and Treatment
Schizoaffective disorder is a complex mental health condition characterized by the presence of both mood disorder symptoms (mania or depression) and psychotic features (hallucinations, delusions) occurring concurrently and independently. Affecting roughly 0.3% of the population, it can emerge in late adolescence or early adulthood, disrupting emotional regulation, thought processes, and daily functioning. Individuals may cycle between depressive episodes with...
Sadistic personality disorder: Diagnosis, Signs, Risk Factors, and Effective Treatment
Sadistic personality disorder is characterized by a pervasive pattern of deriving pleasure from inflicting pain, humiliation, or cruelty on others. Individuals with this disorder may engage in psychological or physical aggression, manipulate relationships for dominance, and display callous, demeaning behaviors that go beyond occasional anger. These traits impair empathy and often lead to significant interpersonal conflict, legal issues, and...
Rumination Disorder: Key Symptoms, Underlying Causes, and Prevention Strategies
Rumination disorder involves repetitive, uncontrollable cycles of negative thinking focused on past mistakes, perceived failures, or distressing events. Unlike normal reflection, these persistent thought loops dominate your mind, heightening anxiety, depression, and impairing daily functioning. You might find yourself replaying conversations, analyzing every nuance of past interactions, or obsessively dwelling on “what if” scenarios—despite knowing it worsens your mood....
Risk-taking behavior disorder: Understanding Impulse Control, Causes, and Treatments
Risk-taking behavior disorder involves a persistent pattern of engaging in actions that pose significant physical, emotional, legal, or financial harm to oneself or others. Unlike occasional thrill-seeking or healthy boundary-pushing, this disorder features compulsive, poorly controlled impulsivity that persists despite negative consequences. You might find yourself repeatedly driving recklessly, gambling away essentials, abusing substances, or making dangerous sexual decisions—even...
Revenge obsession: Signs, Causes, and Evidence-Based Therapies for Relief
Revenge obsession involves persistent, intrusive thoughts and urges to retaliate against someone perceived to have wronged you. Unlike fleeting desires for justice, these obsessions dominate your mind, triggering anxiety, anger, and preoccupation to the point that daily functioning suffers. You might replay events endlessly, imagine elaborate scenarios of payback, or engage in compulsive rumination that fuels distress. Left unchecked,...
Rett Syndrome: Comprehensive Guide to Early Detection, Symptom Management, and Care Strategies
Rett Syndrome is a rare genetic neurodevelopmental disorder almost exclusively affecting girls, characterized by normal early growth followed by rapid loss of motor and communication skills. Typically emerging between 6 and 18 months, children with Rett Syndrome develop hand-wringing movements, gait abnormalities, seizures, and severe cognitive impairment. Caused by mutations in the MECP2 gene, the condition varies in severity...
Retrograde amnesia: Understanding Past Memory Loss, Causes, and Recovery Techniques
Retrograde amnesia involves a disruption in your ability to recall memories formed before the onset of amnesia, often following head trauma, neurological illness, or emotional shock. Those affected may be unable to retrieve personal experiences, factual information, or learned skills from the past, while still forming new memories normally. Though the degree and duration vary—from forgetting moments before an...
Retroactive jealousy disorder: Key Indicators, Prevention Strategies, and Therapy Options
Retroactive jealousy disorder involves intrusive, distressing thoughts about a partner’s past relationships or sexual history, triggering obsessive rumination, anxiety, and mistrust. Unlike occasional curiosity or mild jealousy, retroactive jealousy becomes persistent, leading to compulsive checking behaviors—scouring social media, questioning partners repeatedly—and a cycle of self-doubt that erodes self-esteem and relationship satisfaction. This condition often overlaps with obsessive-compulsive tendencies and...
Retarded depression: Recognizing Psychomotor Slowing, Risk Factors, and Effective Therapies
Retarded depression—often characterized by pronounced psychomotor slowing—presents as a marked reduction in physical movements, speech output, and cognitive processing speed, entwined with the core features of major depressive disorder. Individuals may feel physically “stuck,” struggle to perform everyday tasks, and describe their thoughts as foggy or lethargic. This subtype of depression can be particularly disabling, impairing work, relationships, and...
