Ischemic peripheral vascular disease: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options
Ischemic peripheral vascular disease describes reduced blood flow to the limbs—most often the legs—because arteries have narrowed or become blocked. Many people first notice...
Ischemic stroke, causes, risk factors, recovery, secondary prevention
An ischemic stroke happens when blood flow to part of the brain is blocked. Without oxygen-rich blood, brain cells begin to fail within minutes,...
Haemangioma: Types, Early Signs, Diagnosis, and Best Treatments
A haemangioma is a common growth made up of extra blood vessels. Many people first hear the word when a bright red “strawberry mark”...
Heart attack: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Emergency Treatment, and Recovery
A heart attack is a sudden emergency where part of the heart muscle is starved of blood. The usual reason is a blockage in...
Heart failure: Types, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Evidence-Based Treatment
Heart failure doesn’t mean the heart has “stopped.” It means the heart can’t keep up with the body’s needs as efficiently as it should....
Heart murmur: Causes by Age, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Next Steps
A heart murmur is a sound a clinician hears through a stethoscope when blood moves through the heart or nearby vessels. Many murmurs are...
Heart Palpitations: Causes, Red Flags, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options
Heart palpitations are the uncomfortable awareness of your heartbeat—like a flutter, a thump, a skipped beat, or a sudden racing sensation. They can be...
Heart valve disease: Types, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options
Heart valve disease is a problem with one or more of the heart’s “doors,” which open and close to keep blood moving in the...
Heart Valve Infection: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Recovery Guide
A heart valve infection can feel deceptively ordinary at first—fatigue that won’t lift, a fever that keeps returning, or shortness of breath you blame...
Heart valve prolapse: Causes, Risk Factors, Complications, and Management
Heart valve prolapse means a valve leaflet bows backward more than it should when the heart squeezes. Most people hear about it after a...
Heart valve regurgitation: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options
Heart valve regurgitation means a heart valve does not seal tightly, so a portion of blood leaks backward with each heartbeat. Many people first...
Heart valve stenosis: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Modern Treatment Options
Heart valve stenosis means a valve opening has become too narrow, forcing the heart to push blood through a tighter space. Many people live...
Hemodynamic instability: Sepsis, Bleeding, and Management
Hemodynamic instability is a clinical warning that the body may not be getting steady, adequate blood flow. It often shows up as low blood...
Hemopericardium: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Emergency Treatment
Hemopericardium means blood has collected in the sac around the heart. The sac is normally a thin, slippery space; when blood fills it, the...
Hemorrhagic cardiac tamponade: Causes, Red Flags, Diagnosis, and Emergency Treatment
Hemorrhagic cardiac tamponade happens when blood collects around the heart and builds enough pressure to limit how the heart fills between beats. That pressure...
Hemorrhagic pericarditis: How It’s Diagnosed, Echocardiogram Findings, and Treatment
Hemorrhagic pericarditis is inflammation of the sac around the heart that leads to a blood-tinged or bloody fluid build-up in that space. Sometimes it...