All About Conjunctivitis: Key Information
What is Conjunctivitis? Conjunctivitis, also known as pink eye, is an inflammation or infection of the conjunctiva, the clear membrane that lines your eyelid and protects the white part of your eyeball. When small blood vessels in the conjunctiva become inflamed, they become more visible, giving the whites of your eyes a reddish or pink appearance. Conjunctivitis is a common...
Conjunctival Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Key Insights
What Is Conjunctival Squamous Cell Carcinoma? Conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a type of eye cancer caused by squamous epithelial cells in the conjunctiva, a thin membrane covering the white part of the eye and the inner surface of the eyelids. This cancer is relatively uncommon, but it can be aggressive and potentially blinding if not detected and treated...
Conjunctival Laceration: Essential Information
What is Conjunctival Laceration? A conjunctival laceration is a tear or cut in the conjunctiva, a clear, thin membrane that protects the white part of the eye (sclera) and the inside of the eyelids. This condition can develop as a result of eye trauma, such as being struck by an object, falling, or being poked. Conjunctival lacerations are typically less...
Congenital Retinal Dystrophies: Comprehensive Guide
Congenital Retinal Dystrophies Basics Congenital retinal dystrophies are a group of inherited disorders that affect the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye, beginning at birth. These conditions are distinguished by progressive degeneration of retinal cells, which results in impaired vision and, in severe cases, total blindness. The onset of symptoms varies, but they usually appear early...
Congenital Ptosis: Symptoms and Management Guide
Introduction to Congenital Ptosis Congenital ptosis, an ocular condition marked by drooping of the upper eyelid at birth, has serious consequences for visual development and ocular health. This condition ranges in severity from mild drooping to complete pupil coverage, which can obstruct vision and lead to amblyopia, also known as lazy eye. Congenital ptosis, as opposed to acquired ptosis, which...
Congenital Glaucoma: Causes and Solutions
What is Congenital Glaucoma? Congenital glaucoma, also known as primary congenital glaucoma (PCG), is a rare but severe eye disease that affects infants and young children. This disorder is distinguished by abnormal development of the eye's drainage system, which results in elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), optic nerve damage, and vision loss. Congenital glaucoma can occur at birth or develop during...
Congenital Fibrosis of Extraocular Muscle
Introduction Congenital Fibrosis of the Extraocular Muscles (CFEOM) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by fibrosis and abnormal development of the extraocular muscles responsible for eye movement. This condition causes restricted eye movements and strabismus (eye misalignment), which leads to significant visual impairment. CFEOM typically appears at birth or in early childhood and can range in severity. The condition is...
Congenital Cataract: Diagnosis and Prevention
What is Congenital Cataract? Congenital cataracts are cloudings of the eye's lens that occur at birth or develop during infancy. This condition can range in severity, potentially resulting in significant vision impairment or blindness if not treated. Congenital cataracts can affect one or both eyes and are caused by genetics, intrauterine infections, metabolic disorders, or other developmental abnormalities. Early detection...
Compressive Optic Neuropathy: Key Facts
What is Compressive Optic Neuropathy? Compressive optic neuropathy is a serious ocular condition in which external pressure causes damage to the optic nerve. This pressure can be caused by a variety of factors, including tumors, cysts, or vascular anomalies, which impair blood flow and result in nerve dysfunction. The optic nerve is responsible for transmitting visual information from the eye...
Comprehensive Guide to Commotio Retinae
What is Commotio Retinae (Berlin's Edema)? Commotio retinae, also known as Berlin's edema, is a condition affecting the retina caused by blunt trauma to the eye. This condition is distinguished by a temporary whitening or opacification of the retina, especially in the outer layers. It is named for Wilhelm Berlin, a German ophthalmologist who first described the phenomenon in 1873....
Hamartoma of the Retina and Retinal Pigment Epithelium
Introduction Combined Hamartoma of the Retina and Retinal Pigment Epithelium (CHRRPE) is a rare, benign ocular condition marked by abnormal proliferation of retinal and retinal pigment epithelial cells. This congenital anomaly typically manifests as a grayish or pigmented lesion on the retina, which is frequently accompanied by retinal distortion, traction, and gliosis. CHRRPE can impair visual acuity and cause a...
Coloboma: Diagnosis and Management
What is Coloboma? Coloboma is a congenital eye condition characterized by missing tissue from the eye's structures. This defect occurs when the embryonic fissure fails to close completely during development, resulting in gaps or notches in various parts of the eye. These can affect the iris, retina, choroid, or optic disc, and the severity of vision loss varies with the...
Coat’s Disease: Key Ocular Manifestations
Introduction to Coats Disease Coats Disease is a rare, non-hereditary eye disorder characterized by abnormal blood vessel development and leakage in the retina, resulting in retinal detachment and vision loss. This condition, which primarily affects young males, can cause unilateral vision impairment and is most commonly diagnosed in childhood or adolescence. Coat's Disease is named after Scottish ophthalmologist George Coats,...
Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia
Introduction Chronic Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia (CPEO) is a rare mitochondrial disorder marked by gradual weakness of the muscles that control eye movements. This condition usually manifests in adulthood, but symptoms can appear in childhood or adolescence. CPEO causes progressive difficulty moving the eyes and eyelids, resulting in symptoms like drooping eyelids (ptosis) and limited eye movements. Over time, the condition...
Chronic Lacrimal Canaliculitis
Introduction to Chronic Lacrimal Canaliculitis Chronic Lacrimal Canaliculitis is a persistent infection of the lacrimal canaliculi, which are small channels in the eyelids that drain tears from the eye into the lacrimal sac. Bacterial, fungal, or viral pathogens are commonly responsible for this condition, which causes inflammation and canaliculi blockage. Symptoms include redness, swelling, discharge, and, on occasion, a palpable...
Chronic Angle-Closure Glaucoma Overview and Insights
Introduction Chronic Angle-Closure Glaucoma (CACG) is a progressive eye condition marked by the gradual closure of the anterior chamber angle, resulting in an increase in intraocular pressure (IOP). If not treated properly, this elevated pressure can damage the optic nerve, potentially leading to vision loss or blindness. Chronic angle-closure glaucoma develops slowly over time, with few symptoms in the early...
Choroideremia: Diagnosis and Treatment Options
What is Choroideremia? Choroideremia is a rare, inherited retinal degenerative disease that mostly affects men. It is distinguished by progressive vision loss that begins in childhood and eventually leads to complete blindness. Mutations in the CHM gene, which encodes the Rab escort protein-1 (REP-1), are responsible for the proper function of photoreceptor cells and the retinal pigment epithelium. As the...
Guide to Choroidal Osteoma
What is Choroidal Osteoma? Choroidal osteoma is a rare, benign ossifying tumor of the eye that causes mature bone to form within the choroid, the eye's vascular layer located between the retina and the sclera. Choroidal osteoma, which was first described in 1978, primarily affects young females and usually appears in their second or third decade of life. This condition...
Choroidal Nevus: Key Facts
What is Choroidal Nevus? A choroidal nevus is a benign pigmented growth in the choroid, the vascular layer of the eye that lies between the retina and the sclera. A choroidal nevus, similar to a freckle or mole on the skin, is usually asymptomatic and discovered by chance during routine eye exams. While generally harmless, a choroidal nevus should be...
Choroidal neovascularization
Introduction to Choroidal Neovascularization. Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is a serious ocular condition characterized by the abnormal growth of new blood vessels from the choroid, the eye's vascular layer, into the surrounding retina. If not treated, this abnormal vascular proliferation can cause severe visual impairment or even blindness. CNV is commonly associated with a variety of retinal diseases, particularly age-related macular...
Choroidal Metastasis: Diagnosis and Management
What is Choroidal Metastasis? Choroidal metastasis is the spread of cancer cells to the choroid, the vascular layer of the eye located between the retina and the sclera. This condition is relatively uncommon, but it is the most common type of intraocular malignancy in adults. The choroid's abundant vascular supply makes it an ideal target for metastatic cancer cells, which...
Choroidal Hemangioma
Introduction to Choroidal Hemangioma Choroidal hemangioma is a benign vascular tumor that develops in the choroid, which is a layer of blood vessels between the retina and the sclera. This condition can be congenital or acquired, and it frequently appears as an incidental finding during a routine eye examination. While a choroidal hemangioma is usually asymptomatic in its early stages,...
Chorioretinitis.
Introduction to Chorioretinitis. Chorioretinitis is an inflammatory disease that affects the choroid and retina of the eye. The choroid is a layer of blood vessels and connective tissue located between the sclera (white of the eye) and the retina. Its function is to provide oxygen and nutrients to the retina's outer layers. If left untreated, inflammation in these structures can...
Chorioretinitis Sclopetaria
What is Chorioretinitis Sclopetaria? Chorioretinitis sclopetaria, also known as sclopetaria, is a traumatic ocular condition caused by high-velocity projectile injuries to the eye or orbit. This uncommon condition is distinguished by severe damage to the choroid and retina, resulting in inflammation, scarring, and potential vision loss. The term "sclopetaria" is derived from the Latin word "sclopetum," which means firearm, indicating...
Chlamydial Conjunctivitis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments
What is Chlamydial Conjunctivitis? Chlamydial conjunctivitis, or inclusion conjunctivitis, is an eye infection caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. This condition can affect people of any age, but it is especially common in neonates and sexually active adults. Chlamydial conjunctivitis is spread by direct contact with infectious secretions from the eyes or genitals. If the mother has a genital chlamydia...
Chikungunya Fever: Eye Complications Explained
Introduction to Chikungunya Fever Chikungunya fever is a viral disease transmitted by mosquitos and caused by the Chikungunya virus. It is primarily transmitted by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitos. While the disease is most commonly associated with severe joint pain, fever, and rash, it can also cause a variety of ocular manifestations. These eye-related symptoms can have a significant...
Charles Bonnet Syndrome Ocular Manifestations
Introduction to Charles Bonnet Syndrome Charles Bonnet Syndrome (CBS) is a condition in which visually impaired people have vivid, complex visual hallucinations despite not having any cognitive or psychiatric disorders. Charles Bonnet first described this syndrome in 1760, and it is primarily associated with significant vision loss, which is frequently caused by age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, or other...
CHARGE Syndrome Eye Symptoms and Treatments
Introduction to CHARGE Syndrome CHARGE syndrome is a multifaceted genetic disorder that stands for coloboma, heart defects, atresia choanae, growth retardation, genital abnormalities, and ear abnormalities. Among its many symptoms, ocular manifestations are prominent and must be addressed because they have the potential to impair vision and quality of life. Children with CHARGE syndrome frequently exhibit eye abnormalities, which can...
Chalcosis Explained: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment
Introduction to Chalcosis Chalcosis is a rare ocular condition caused by the deposit of copper or copper-containing foreign bodies in the eye. This condition typically develops after an ocular injury, in which copper or a copper alloy becomes embedded in the ocular tissues. The presence of copper in the eye can cause a series of inflammatory responses and tissue damage,...
Chalazion: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
What is Chalazion? A chalazion is a common and usually harmless condition affecting the eyelids. It appears as a small, painless lump or swelling that gradually develops on the upper or lower eyelid. This condition develops when a meibomian gland, which secretes the oily layer of the tear film, becomes blocked and inflamed. While chalazia can be unpleasant and cosmetically...
