Effusive-constrictive pericarditis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Long-Term Management
Effusive-constrictive pericarditis is an uncommon but important heart condition where two problems happen at the same time: fluid builds up around the heart, and...
Eisenmenger syndrome: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Long-Term Management
Eisenmenger syndrome is a serious late complication of certain congenital heart defects—conditions you are born with—that were never repaired or were repaired too late....
Embolic infarction: Warning Signs, Causes, Diagnosis, and Emergency Treatment
An embolic infarction happens when a traveling clot or debris suddenly blocks blood flow to an organ, starving tissue of oxygen and nutrients. Infarction...
Embolic stroke: Heart Clots, Atrial Fibrillation Risk, and Anticoagulation Decisions
An embolic stroke happens when a clot or debris travels through the bloodstream and suddenly blocks an artery in the brain. Stroke means “brain...
Endarteritis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Modern Treatment Strategies
Endarteritis means inflammation of an artery’s inner lining—the surface blood flows over. When that lining becomes irritated or infected, it can swell, attract clotting,...
Endocardial cushion defect, Types, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Modern Treatment
An endocardial cushion defect is a heart condition that develops before birth. It affects the “central” part of the heart—where the upper and lower...
Endocardial fibroelastosis, Primary vs Secondary Forms, Risk Factors, and Management
Endocardial fibroelastosis is a rare heart condition most often seen in babies and young children, though it can appear later in life. In simple...
Endocarditis: Early Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options
Endocarditis is an infection—or less often, an inflammation—of the heart’s inner lining and valves. It is uncommon, but when it happens, it can move...
Endocrine Hypertension: Key Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options
High blood pressure is common, but sometimes it is not “just hypertension.” In endocrine hypertension, a hormone problem is the main driver behind the...
Endomyocardial fibrosis: Causes, Risk Factors, Complications, and Long-Term Management
Endomyocardial fibrosis is a long-term heart condition in which a tough, scar-like layer forms inside one or both lower chambers of the heart. Over...
Endomyocardial infarction: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options
Endomyocardial infarction describes damage that starts in the heart’s inner lining and can extend into the heart muscle. In practice, clinicians most often use...
Endothelial dysfunction: Causes, Risk Factors, Symptoms, and Diagnosis
Endothelial dysfunction is a problem with the thin inner lining of your blood vessels. That lining helps arteries relax, keeps blood flowing smoothly, and...
Endotheliitis: Treatment Options, Antivirals, Steroids, and Supportive Care
Endotheliitis is inflammation of the inner lining of blood vessels. It matters because that lining controls blood flow, keeps fluid inside the bloodstream, and...
Endovascular aneurysm: Symptoms, Rupture Warning Signs, and Diagnosis
An aneurysm is a weakened, bulging segment of an artery. Many aneurysms grow quietly for years, then become dangerous when they reach a size...
Endovascular thrombosis: Diagnosis, Imaging Tests, and Treatment Options
Endovascular thrombosis means a blood clot forms inside a blood vessel, blocking or reducing flow. Sometimes it happens “spontaneously” (for example, after long immobility...
Enlarged heart: Causes, Risk Factors, Early Symptoms, and Next Steps
An enlarged heart—often called cardiomegaly—means the heart looks bigger than expected for a person’s body size. That “bigger” can happen in two main ways:...