Evidence-Based Supplement & Herb Guides

Cancer Antigen 15-3 (CA 15-3) Blood Test: Breast Cancer Monitoring, Recurrence, and Tumor Marker Meaning

Learn what the CA 15-3 blood test measures, common reference ranges, its role in metastatic breast cancer monitoring, recurrence limits, and benign causes of high results.

Cancer antigen 15-3, or CA 15-3, is a blood tumor marker that measures a circulating form of the MUC1 protein. Many breast cancers release...

Cancer Antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9) Blood Test: High Levels, Pancreatic Cancer, Bile Duct Disease, and Meaning

Learn what high CA 19-9 means, how pancreatic and bile duct cancers use this marker, why jaundice causes false elevations, and how Lewis status affects results.

Cancer antigen 19-9, or CA 19-9, is a blood tumor marker used mainly in pancreatic and biliary tract cancers. It can help estimate disease...

Cancer Antigen 27.29 (CA 27.29) Blood Test: Breast Cancer Monitoring, Recurrence, and Result Meaning

Learn what the CA 27.29 blood test measures, its common reference range, how it is used in breast cancer monitoring, recurrence limits, and reasons for high results.

Cancer antigen 27.29, or CA 27.29, is a blood tumor marker that measures a circulating portion of MUC1, a protein commonly overexpressed and abnormally...

Cancer Antigen 125 (CA-125) Blood Test: High Levels, Ovarian Cancer Monitoring, and Non-Cancer Causes

Understand CA-125 blood test results, including normal ranges, high levels, benign causes, ovarian cancer monitoring, recurrence trends, and follow-up.

Cancer antigen 125, usually called CA-125, is a protein measured in blood that is most useful for following certain ovarian, fallopian tube, and primary...

Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) Blood Test: High Levels, Colon Cancer Monitoring, and Benign Causes

Learn what a CEA blood test measures, typical reference ranges, benign causes of high CEA, and how serial CEA levels help monitor colorectal cancer and recurrence.

Carcinoembryonic antigen, or CEA, is a blood tumor marker used mainly to monitor colorectal cancer and several other cancers after diagnosis. It is not...

Chromogranin A Blood Test: Neuroendocrine Tumors, High Levels, Medication Effects, and Monitoring

Learn how the chromogranin A blood test is used for neuroendocrine tumors, why PPIs and benign conditions raise CgA, and how serial results are interpreted.

Chromogranin A (CgA) is a protein stored and released by neuroendocrine cells, so a blood test for CgA can be useful in selected people...

Circulating Tumor Cell (CTC) Blood Test: Cancer Monitoring, Tumor Cells in Blood, and Prognosis

Learn how circulating tumor cell blood tests detect tumor cells, what CTC counts mean, how they relate to prognosis and monitoring, and how CTCs differ from ctDNA.

A circulating tumor cell (CTC) blood test looks for intact cancer cells that have detached from a tumor and entered the bloodstream. These cells...

Complexed PSA Test: High Levels, Prostate Cancer Risk, and PSA Result Meaning

Learn what complexed PSA measures, what high cPSA may mean, how it differs from total and free PSA, and how modern prostate-cancer risk assessment uses PSA results.

Complexed prostate-specific antigen (complexed PSA or cPSA) measures the portion of PSA in blood that is bound to certain proteins, especially alpha-1-antichymotrypsin. Most measurable...

CYFRA 21-1 Blood Test: Lung Cancer Marker, High Levels, and Disease Monitoring

Learn what CYFRA 21-1 measures, typical reference limits, causes of high levels, and how this lung cancer marker may help with NSCLC prognosis and monitoring.

CYFRA 21-1 is a blood tumor marker that measures soluble fragments of cytokeratin 19, a structural protein found in many epithelial cells. It is...

Des-Gamma-Carboxy Prothrombin (DCP) Test: Liver Cancer Marker, High Levels, and HCC Risk

Learn what the DCP/PIVKA-II blood test measures, why levels rise, how vitamin K affects results, and how DCP supports HCC risk assessment and treatment monitoring.

Des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin (DCP) is an abnormal form of prothrombin measured in blood as a tumor marker for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common primary...

Free PSA Test: Percent Free PSA, Prostate Cancer Risk, and PSA Interpretation

Learn how the free PSA test and percent free PSA help refine prostate cancer risk, what common percentage ranges mean, what affects results, and when follow-up is needed.

A free PSA test measures the amount of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) circulating in the blood without being attached to other proteins. It is usually...

Gastrin Blood Test: Gastrinoma, Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome, High Levels, and Stomach Acid

Understand what a gastrin blood test measures, why gastrin can be high, how gastrinoma and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome are diagnosed, and how PPIs affect results.

A gastrin blood test measures gastrin, a hormone that signals the stomach to make acid. It is most often ordered when a clinician suspects...

HE4 Blood Test: Ovarian Cancer Risk, High Levels, ROMA Score, and Result Meaning

Learn what an HE4 blood test measures, why HE4 can be high, how kidney function affects results, how ROMA combines HE4 and CA-125, and how the marker is monitored.

The HE4 blood test measures human epididymis protein 4, a protein that can be elevated in many epithelial ovarian cancers. Doctors may use HE4...

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) Tumor Marker Test: Germ Cell Tumors, High Levels, and Monitoring

Learn how hCG is used as a tumor marker for germ cell tumors, what high levels can mean, how AFP and LDH fit into staging, and why serial hCG trends matter.

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is best known as the hormone detected in pregnancy tests, but it is also an important blood tumor marker for...

Immunofixation Blood Test: Monoclonal Protein, Immunoglobulin Type, Myeloma, and Meaning

Learn what an immunofixation blood test detects, how IgG, IgA, IgM, kappa, and lambda results are interpreted, and what a monoclonal protein may mean.

An immunofixation blood test looks for abnormal, identical antibodies or antibody fragments made by one clone of plasma cells or B cells. These proteins...

Inhibin A Tumor Marker Test: Granulosa Cell Tumors, High Levels, and Monitoring

Learn how the inhibin A tumor marker test is used for granulosa cell tumors, what high levels can mean, typical ranges, and how trends help with monitoring.

The inhibin A tumor marker test measures inhibin A, a hormone made mainly by ovarian granulosa cells. It can be useful when a granulosa...

Inhibin B Tumor Marker Test: Granulosa Cell Tumors, High Levels, Recurrence, and Monitoring

Learn how the inhibin B tumor marker test is used for granulosa cell tumors, what high levels mean, and how serial results can help detect recurrence and monitor disease.

The inhibin B tumor marker test measures a hormone made mainly by ovarian granulosa cells. It is one of the most useful blood markers...

Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Tumor Marker Test: High Levels, Cancer Burden, Cell Damage, and Prognosis

Learn what a high LDH blood test means, how cancer burden and cell damage can raise LDH, common non-cancer causes, normal ranges, and how LDH affects prognosis.

Lactate dehydrogenase, or LDH, is an enzyme found in nearly every tissue in the body. A blood LDH test is sometimes called a tumor...

M Protein Blood Test: Multiple Myeloma, Monoclonal Protein, SPEP, and Result Meaning

Learn what an M protein blood test shows, how SPEP measures a monoclonal protein, what an M-spike can mean, and how results are used in multiple myeloma and MGUS.

An M protein blood test looks for a monoclonal immunoglobulin made by one clone of plasma cells or B cells. The abnormal protein is...

Neuron-Specific Enolase (NSE) Blood Test: Neuroendocrine Tumors, Small Cell Lung Cancer, and High Levels

Learn what the NSE blood test measures, why neuron-specific enolase rises in small cell lung cancer and neuroendocrine tumors, and how results are monitored.

Neuron-specific enolase, or NSE, is an enzyme found mainly in neurons and neuroendocrine cells. A serum NSE blood test can be used as an...