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Pan-Ethnic Carrier Screening Test: Common Genetic Disorders and Results

Learn how pan-ethnic carrier screening tests common inherited disorders, how positive and negative results affect couple risk, and what partner testing and reproductive options may follow.

Pan-ethnic carrier screening tests people for inherited conditions without limiting the panel to disorders historically associated with one ancestry group. It is usually offered...

Phenylketonuria (PKU) Genetic Test: PAH Gene Mutations and Results

Learn how PAH genetic testing confirms phenylketonuria, how positive, carrier, negative, and uncertain results are interpreted, and why blood phenylalanine still guides treatment.

A phenylketonuria genetic test looks for pathogenic variants in the PAH gene, which provides instructions for phenylalanine hydroxylase. This enzyme converts the amino acid...

Polycystic Kidney Disease Genetic Test: PKD1, PKD2 Genes, and Results

Learn how PKD1 and PKD2 genetic testing confirms ADPKD, explains inheritance, clarifies uncertain results, and guides family testing and kidney follow-up.

A polycystic kidney disease genetic test looks for inherited changes that explain cyst formation, most often in PKD1 or PKD2. It can confirm autosomal...

Pompe Disease Genetic Test: GAA Gene Mutations, Carrier Risk, and Results

Understand GAA genetic testing for Pompe disease, including enzyme confirmation, carrier risk, pseudodeficiency, newborn screening, and positive or uncertain results.

A Pompe disease genetic test analyzes the GAA gene for inherited variants that reduce acid alpha-glucosidase activity. Pompe disease is an autosomal recessive lysosomal...

Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Genetic Test: Ciliary Gene Mutations and Results

Learn how primary ciliary dyskinesia genetic testing identifies ciliary gene variants, works with nasal nitric oxide and microscopy, and explains family risk.

A primary ciliary dyskinesia genetic test looks for inherited variants that disrupt the structure or movement of motile cilia. These microscopic structures clear mucus...

Retinitis Pigmentosa Genetic Test: Inherited Eye Disease Genes and Results

Understand retinitis pigmentosa genetic testing, inherited retinal disease genes, inheritance patterns, syndromic risks, and positive or uncertain results.

A retinitis pigmentosa genetic test searches for inherited variants that damage retinal photoreceptors or supporting cells. Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is not one disease caused...

Sickle Cell Genetic Test: HBB Gene, Trait, Disease, and Results

Learn how HBB genetic testing distinguishes sickle cell trait from HbSS, HbSC, and sickle beta-thalassemia and clarifies newborn and family results.

A sickle cell genetic test analyzes the HBB gene, which provides instructions for beta-globin, one part of adult hemoglobin. The classic sickle variant changes...

Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) Carrier Test: SMN1 Gene, Copy Number, and Results

Understand SMA carrier testing, including SMN1 copy number, 2+0 silent carriers, duplication markers, residual risk, partner testing, and prenatal results.

A spinal muscular atrophy carrier test estimates whether a person has a nonworking copy of SMN1, the main gene responsible for 5q spinal muscular...

Standard Carrier Screening Panel: Cystic Fibrosis, SMA, Fragile X, and Results

Understand standard carrier screening for cystic fibrosis, SMA, and Fragile X, including test methods, result categories, residual risk, partner testing, and reproductive follow-up.

A standard carrier screening panel commonly combines tests for cystic fibrosis, spinal muscular atrophy, and Fragile X syndrome. The three conditions are grouped for...

Stargardt Disease Genetic Test: ABCA4 Gene Mutations and Results

Learn how ABCA4 genetic testing confirms Stargardt disease, how to interpret two variants, one variant, VUS, negative results, phase, prognosis, and family risk.

A Stargardt disease genetic test looks for the molecular cause of an inherited macular disorder that can begin in childhood, adolescence, or adulthood. Most...

Tay-Sachs Disease Carrier Test: HEXA Gene, Enzyme, and Results

Understand Tay-Sachs carrier testing with HEXA gene and Hex A enzyme analysis, including pseudodeficiency, B1 variants, pregnancy specimens, results, and partner risk.

Tay-Sachs carrier testing can involve two complementary kinds of evidence: the activity of beta-hexosaminidase A enzyme and analysis of the HEXA gene. Both aim...

Tuberous Sclerosis Genetic Test: TSC1, TSC2 Genes, Risk, and Results

Understand TSC1 and TSC2 genetic testing for tuberous sclerosis, including diagnostic results, VUS, negative tests, mosaicism, inheritance risk, and surveillance.

A tuberous sclerosis genetic test analyzes TSC1 and TSC2 for variants that disrupt regulation of cell growth. A pathogenic or likely pathogenic variant in...

Wilson Disease Genetic Test: ATP7B Gene Mutations, Copper, and Results

Understand Wilson disease ATP7B genetic testing and copper results, including ceruloplasmin, urine and liver copper, two variants, carrier findings, VUS, and family risk.

A Wilson disease genetic test searches ATP7B for variants that impair the body’s ability to move copper into bile and incorporate it normally into...

X-Linked Carrier Screening Test: Female Carrier Risk and Results

Understand X-linked carrier screening, female carrier risk, inheritance for sons and daughters, test methods, result meanings, health follow-up, and pregnancy options.

X-linked carrier screening looks for disease-associated changes in genes located on the X chromosome. It is often discussed as a reproductive test for women,...

Autoimmune Disease Genetic Risk Test: HLA, Immune Genes, and Results

Learn what an autoimmune disease genetic risk test measures, how HLA and immune-gene results are interpreted, and why positive or negative findings do not provide a diagnosis.

An autoimmune disease genetic risk test looks for inherited DNA differences linked to conditions in which the immune system attacks the body’s own tissues....

Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID) Genetic Test: Immune Disorder Genes and Results

Learn how CVID genetic testing examines immune-disorder genes, what positive, negative, and uncertain results mean, and when a molecular diagnosis may change care.

A common variable immunodeficiency genetic test searches for inherited or newly occurring DNA variants that can cause a CVID-like immune disorder. It may examine...