Congenital valve defects: Types, Stenosis vs Regurgitation, Symptoms, and Diagnosis
Congenital valve defects are structural differences in one or more heart valves that develop before birth. A valve may be too narrow to open...
Congenital valvular heart disease: Causes, Genetic Risk, Associated Defects, and Complications
Congenital valvular heart disease means you are born with a heart valve that formed differently—too narrow, too leaky, or built with an unusual shape...
Congestive heart failure: Symptoms, Stages, and When It Becomes an Emergency
Congestive heart failure (often shortened to “heart failure” or CHF) means the heart cannot keep up with the body’s needs without extra pressure and...
Constrictive pericarditis: Treatment Options, Diuretics, Anti-Inflammatories, and Next Steps
Constrictive pericarditis is a condition where the pericardium—the thin sac around the heart—becomes thickened, scarred, and sometimes calcified. Instead of stretching smoothly as the...
Coronary artery aneurysm: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options
A coronary artery aneurysm is an abnormal “ballooning” of a section of a heart artery. It is not the same as a blockage, but...
Coronary artery disease Causes, Risk Factors, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Management.
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a slow, often silent process in which the arteries that feed the heart muscle become narrowed or unstable because...
Coronary artery dissection, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Recovery Guide
A coronary artery dissection happens when layers of a heart artery separate, creating a false channel within the vessel wall. Blood can track into...
Coronary artery ectasia: Risk Factors, Complications, and Long-Term Management
Coronary artery ectasia (CAE) is an abnormal widening of one or more coronary arteries—the vessels that supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle. Many...
Coronary artery embolism, Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Modern Treatment Options
A coronary artery embolism happens when material traveling in the bloodstream suddenly lodges inside a coronary artery and blocks blood flow to heart muscle....
Coronary artery fistula: Overview, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options
A coronary artery fistula is an unusual “shortcut” blood vessel that lets blood flow from a coronary artery into a heart chamber or nearby...
Coronary artery spasm: Causes, Triggers, Risk Factors, and Prevention
Coronary artery spasm is a sudden tightening of a coronary artery that briefly narrows the vessel and reduces blood flow to the heart muscle....
Coronary Embolism: Symptoms, Risk Factors, Atrial Fibrillation Links, and Prevention
Coronary embolism happens when material traveling in the bloodstream suddenly blocks a coronary artery and starves part of the heart muscle of oxygen. The...
Coronary microvascular disease: Causes, Risk Factors, and Microvascular Angina
Coronary microvascular disease (sometimes called coronary microvascular dysfunction) is a problem of the heart’s smallest blood vessels—arterioles and capillaries that cannot be seen well...
Coronary occlusion: Overview, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment
A coronary occlusion means a coronary artery has become blocked enough to stop—or nearly stop—blood flow to part of the heart muscle. When the...
Coronary steal phenomenon: Overview, Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis
The coronary steal phenomenon describes a situation where blood flow is diverted away from a part of the heart muscle that already has limited...
Coronary steal syndrome: Risk Factors, Complications, and Red-Flag Symptoms
Coronary steal syndrome is a situation where part of the heart becomes under-supplied with blood because flow is “pulled” toward an easier pathway. The...