Choroideremia: Diagnosis and Treatment Options
What is Choroideremia? Choroideremia is a rare, inherited retinal degenerative disease that mostly affects men. It is distinguished by progressive vision loss that begins in childhood and eventually leads to complete blindness. Mutations in the CHM gene, which encodes the Rab escort protein-1 (REP-1), are responsible for the proper function of photoreceptor cells and the retinal pigment epithelium. As the...
Guide to Choroidal Osteoma
What is Choroidal Osteoma? Choroidal osteoma is a rare, benign ossifying tumor of the eye that causes mature bone to form within the choroid, the eye's vascular layer located between the retina and the sclera. Choroidal osteoma, which was first described in 1978, primarily affects young females and usually appears in their second or third decade of life. This condition...
Choroidal Nevus: Key Facts
What is Choroidal Nevus? A choroidal nevus is a benign pigmented growth in the choroid, the vascular layer of the eye that lies between the retina and the sclera. A choroidal nevus, similar to a freckle or mole on the skin, is usually asymptomatic and discovered by chance during routine eye exams. While generally harmless, a choroidal nevus should be...
Choroidal neovascularization
Introduction to Choroidal Neovascularization. Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is a serious ocular condition characterized by the abnormal growth of new blood vessels from the choroid, the eye's vascular layer, into the surrounding retina. If not treated, this abnormal vascular proliferation can cause severe visual impairment or even blindness. CNV is commonly associated with a variety of retinal diseases, particularly age-related macular...
Choroidal Metastasis: Diagnosis and Management
What is Choroidal Metastasis? Choroidal metastasis is the spread of cancer cells to the choroid, the vascular layer of the eye located between the retina and the sclera. This condition is relatively uncommon, but it is the most common type of intraocular malignancy in adults. The choroid's abundant vascular supply makes it an ideal target for metastatic cancer cells, which...
Choroidal Hemangioma
Introduction to Choroidal Hemangioma Choroidal hemangioma is a benign vascular tumor that develops in the choroid, which is a layer of blood vessels between the retina and the sclera. This condition can be congenital or acquired, and it frequently appears as an incidental finding during a routine eye examination. While a choroidal hemangioma is usually asymptomatic in its early stages,...
Chorioretinitis.
Introduction to Chorioretinitis. Chorioretinitis is an inflammatory disease that affects the choroid and retina of the eye. The choroid is a layer of blood vessels and connective tissue located between the sclera (white of the eye) and the retina. Its function is to provide oxygen and nutrients to the retina's outer layers. If left untreated, inflammation in these structures can...
Chorioretinitis Sclopetaria
What is Chorioretinitis Sclopetaria? Chorioretinitis sclopetaria, also known as sclopetaria, is a traumatic ocular condition caused by high-velocity projectile injuries to the eye or orbit. This uncommon condition is distinguished by severe damage to the choroid and retina, resulting in inflammation, scarring, and potential vision loss. The term "sclopetaria" is derived from the Latin word "sclopetum," which means firearm, indicating...
Chlamydial Conjunctivitis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments
What is Chlamydial Conjunctivitis? Chlamydial conjunctivitis, or inclusion conjunctivitis, is an eye infection caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. This condition can affect people of any age, but it is especially common in neonates and sexually active adults. Chlamydial conjunctivitis is spread by direct contact with infectious secretions from the eyes or genitals. If the mother has a genital chlamydia...
Chikungunya Fever: Eye Complications Explained
Introduction to Chikungunya Fever Chikungunya fever is a viral disease transmitted by mosquitos and caused by the Chikungunya virus. It is primarily transmitted by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitos. While the disease is most commonly associated with severe joint pain, fever, and rash, it can also cause a variety of ocular manifestations. These eye-related symptoms can have a significant...
Charles Bonnet Syndrome Ocular Manifestations
Introduction to Charles Bonnet Syndrome Charles Bonnet Syndrome (CBS) is a condition in which visually impaired people have vivid, complex visual hallucinations despite not having any cognitive or psychiatric disorders. Charles Bonnet first described this syndrome in 1760, and it is primarily associated with significant vision loss, which is frequently caused by age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, or other...
CHARGE Syndrome Eye Symptoms and Treatments
Introduction to CHARGE Syndrome CHARGE syndrome is a multifaceted genetic disorder that stands for coloboma, heart defects, atresia choanae, growth retardation, genital abnormalities, and ear abnormalities. Among its many symptoms, ocular manifestations are prominent and must be addressed because they have the potential to impair vision and quality of life. Children with CHARGE syndrome frequently exhibit eye abnormalities, which can...
Chalcosis Explained: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment
Introduction to Chalcosis Chalcosis is a rare ocular condition caused by the deposit of copper or copper-containing foreign bodies in the eye. This condition typically develops after an ocular injury, in which copper or a copper alloy becomes embedded in the ocular tissues. The presence of copper in the eye can cause a series of inflammatory responses and tissue damage,...
Chalazion: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
What is Chalazion? A chalazion is a common and usually harmless condition affecting the eyelids. It appears as a small, painless lump or swelling that gradually develops on the upper or lower eyelid. This condition develops when a meibomian gland, which secretes the oily layer of the tear film, becomes blocked and inflamed. While chalazia can be unpleasant and cosmetically...
Central Serous Retinopathy: Comprehensive Guide
Introduction to Central Serous Retinopathy Central Serous Retinopathy (CSR) is a retinal condition characterized by the accumulation of fluid beneath the retina, particularly beneath the macula, which is responsible for central vision. This fluid buildup causes a localized retinal detachment, resulting in blurred vision, distorted images (metamorphopsia), and a central dark spot (scotoma). CSR primarily affects adults aged 20 to...
Central retinal vein occlusion
Introduction to Central Retinal Vein Occlusion Central Retinal Vein Occlusion (CRVO) is a serious ocular condition caused by a blockage of the central retinal vein, which drains blood from the retina. This obstruction causes increased pressure within the retinal veins, resulting in hemorrhages, swelling, and impaired vision. CRVO is a leading cause of vision loss, particularly in older adults, and...
Cataract: Essential Facts and Treatments
Introduction to Cataract Cataracts are a common ocular condition characterized by the clouding of the eye's natural lens, resulting in blurred vision. This condition is most commonly associated with aging, but it can also be caused by trauma, certain medical conditions such as diabetes, or prolonged exposure to ultraviolet light. Cataracts form gradually and can affect one or both eyes,...
Capsular Opacification: Comprehensive Guide
What is Capsular Opacification? Capsular opacification, also called posterior capsular opacification (PCO) or secondary cataract, is a common postoperative complication of cataract surgery. Despite the high success rate of cataract surgery, which involves replacing the natural lens of the eye with an artificial intraocular lens (IOL), PCO can occur in a significant percentage of patients. This condition occurs when lens...
Capillary Hemangioma in the Orbit
Introduction Capillary hemangioma of the orbit, also known as orbital hemangioma, is a benign vascular tumor that commonly affects infants and young children. These tumors are distinguished by an abnormal proliferation of blood vessels within the orbit, the bony cavity containing the eye. While capillary hemangiomas are typically harmless and resolve spontaneously, their location in the orbit can cause serious...
Canaliculitis.
What is Canaliculitis? Canaliculitis is a rare but serious infection of the canaliculi, which are small channels in the eyelids that drain tears from the eye's surface to the lacrimal sac. This condition is frequently caused by bacterial, fungal, or viral infections, with the most common culprit being the bacterium Actinomyces israelii. Canaliculitis can produce a number of symptoms, including...
Bullous Keratopathy: Comprehensive Guide for Patients
Introduction to Bullous Keratopathy Bullous Keratopathy is an ocular condition marked by the development of fluid-filled blisters (bullae) on the cornea, the clear, dome-shaped surface that covers the front of the eye. This condition is typically caused by endothelial dysfunction, which results in corneal edema and the formation of bullae. Endothelial cells maintain corneal deturgescence by pumping excess fluid from...
Brown’s Syndrome: Eye Condition Insights
Introduction to Brown's Syndrome Brown's Syndrome, also known as superior oblique tendon sheath syndrome, is a rare ocular motility disorder marked by abnormal restriction of the superior oblique muscle. This condition causes limited upward movement of the eye, especially during adduction. Brown's Syndrome is named after Harold W. Brown, an American ophthalmologist who first described it in 1950. It can...
Branch retinal vein occlusion
What is Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion? Branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) is a common vascular disorder of the retina caused by the blockage of one of the retina's small veins. This blockage disrupts blood flow, resulting in swelling, bleeding, and decreased oxygen delivery to the retinal tissue. As a result, patients frequently experience sudden and painless vision loss in the...
Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion
What is Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion? Branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO) occurs when one of the smaller branches of the central retinal artery becomes blocked, resulting in a sudden loss of vision in the area supplied by the affected artery. This blockage obstructs blood flow to the retina, causing ischemia and potentially leading to permanent vision loss if not treated...
Blue Sclera: Symptoms, Causes, and Management
Introduction to Blue Sclera Blue sclera is a condition in which the sclera, or white outer layer of the eyeball, appears bluish. This unusual color is frequently indicative of underlying systemic or genetic conditions that affect the connective tissues, most notably osteogenesis imperfecta. The bluish tint occurs when the sclera is thinner than normal, allowing the underlying choroid to show...
Chalcosis Explained: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment
Introduction to Chalcosis Chalcosis is a rare ocular condition caused by the deposit of copper or copper-containing foreign bodies in the eye. This condition typically develops after an ocular injury, in which copper or a copper alloy becomes embedded in the ocular tissues. The presence of copper in the eye can cause a series of inflammatory responses and tissue damage,...
Central Retinal Artery Occlusion
Introduction to Central Retinal Artery Occlusion Central Retinal Artery Occlusion (CRAO) is a serious and vision-threatening condition marked by a sudden loss of blood flow to the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. This blockage causes sudden, painless vision loss in one eye, which is often described as a curtain falling over the visual field. CRAO...
Blepharospasm: Causes, Symptoms, and Management
What is Blepharospasm? Blepharospasm is a neurological condition characterized by involuntary, forceful contractions of the eyelid muscles, which cause excessive blinking and closure. Dystonia is a condition characterized by abnormal muscle tone and movement. Blepharospasm can have a significant impact on a person's quality of life by causing discomfort, vision problems, and social embarrassment. It typically begins with increased blinking...
Blepharochalasis: Comprehensive Guide and Solutions
What is Blepharochalasis? Blepharochalasis is a rare and chronic eyelid condition characterized by recurring episodes of eyelid edema (swelling), which over time causes the eyelid skin to stretch, thin, and wrinkle. This condition frequently results in an excess of eyelid skin that hangs over the eyelashes, potentially impairing vision. Blepharochalasis usually develops in adolescence and can affect one or both...
Blepharitis Explained: Symptoms and Solutions
Blepharitis Basics Blepharitis is a common and chronic inflammatory condition of the eyelids. It usually affects the area of the eyelid where the eyelashes grow, and it can affect both the anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions of the eyelid margin. Blepharitis, which is characterized by redness, irritation, and scaling of the eyelids, can be uncomfortable and impair vision if...
