Fistula of coronary artery, Causes, Complications, and When to Treat
A fistula of the coronary artery is an unusual “shortcut” connection between a coronary artery (a vessel that feeds the heart muscle) and another...
Flail mitral leaflet: Mitral Regurgitation Signs, Tests, and Modern Treatments
A flail mitral leaflet is a problem of the heart’s “doorway” between the left upper and left lower chambers. The mitral valve (the heart’s...
Flash pulmonary edema: Symptoms, Emergency Treatment, and Prevention Plan
Flash pulmonary edema is a sudden, severe buildup of fluid in the lungs that can make breathing feel impossible within minutes to hours. It...
Floppy mitral valve syndrome: Causes, Risk Factors, and Mitral Regurgitation
Floppy mitral valve syndrome is a common condition where the “door” between the heart’s left upper and left lower chambers closes less firmly than...
Fulminant myocarditis: Causes, Risk Factors, and Why It Progresses So Fast
Fulminant myocarditis is a rare but life-threatening form of heart muscle inflammation that escalates fast—sometimes over hours to a few days. A person may...
Functional Aortic Regurgitation: Medical Therapy, Blood Pressure Control, and Next Steps
Functional aortic regurgitation happens when the aortic valve leaflets are not the main problem, but the “frame” they close against has changed shape. The...
Functional heart murmur: Innocent Murmur Meaning, Causes, and When to Worry
A functional heart murmur is an extra “whooshing” sound a clinician hears with a stethoscope even though the heart’s structure is normal. It is...
Functional mitral regurgitation: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options
Functional mitral regurgitation happens when the mitral valve leaflets themselves are not the main problem, yet the valve still leaks because the heart around...
Fungal endocarditis, Key warning signs, Diagnosis, and Modern Treatment
Fungal endocarditis is a rare but severe infection of the heart’s inner lining (endocarditis: infection of the heart’s inner lining). It often develops when...
Fungal myocarditis: Recognizing Symptoms Early, Confirming the Diagnosis, and Treatment Steps
Fungal myocarditis is an uncommon but serious infection in which fungi invade and inflame the heart muscle. It most often appears in people whose...
Fungal pericarditis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment Pathways
Fungal pericarditis is an uncommon but serious infection of the sac around the heart. The pericardium—the heart’s thin protective lining—normally lets the heart move...
Early repolarization syndrome, ECG meaning, Risk assessment, Diagnosis and Treatment options
Early repolarization syndrome is a heart rhythm condition linked to a specific pattern on an ECG (a quick heart tracing). For many people, that...
Ebstein anomaly, Tricuspid valve defect explained, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment options
Ebstein anomaly is a heart condition you’re born with (congenital—present at birth) that mainly affects the tricuspid valve (the valve between the right upper...
Ectopia cordis, Types and severity, Symptoms after birth, Diagnosis and Care
Ectopia cordis is a very rare condition present at birth in which a baby’s heart is located partly or completely outside the chest. The...
Ectopic atrial rhythm, ECG meaning, Common causes, Symptoms and Management
Ectopic atrial rhythm is a heart rhythm that starts from a spot in the upper chambers that is not the heart’s usual “starter.” On...
Ectopic atrial tachycardia, Symptoms, ECG findings, Diagnosis and Best treatments
Ectopic atrial tachycardia is a fast heartbeat that starts from a small “extra pacemaker” in the heart’s upper chambers, instead of the usual natural...