Fetal arrhythmia, Types, Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis
A fetal arrhythmia is an irregular heartbeat pattern in a developing baby. It can sound frightening, especially when it is discovered during a routine...
Fetal bradycardia, Causes, Risk Factors, and What It Means
Fetal bradycardia means a baby’s heart rate is slower than expected during pregnancy. It is not a diagnosis by itself—it is a signal that...
Fetal heart block, Causes, Risk Factors, and Pregnancy Monitoring Plan
Fetal heart block is a rhythm problem where electrical signals do not travel normally from the heart’s upper chambers to the lower chambers. The...
Fetal tachycardia, SVT and Atrial Flutter, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Fetal tachycardia means a baby’s heart is beating faster than expected during pregnancy. A brief speed-up can be normal—fetuses move, startle, and respond to...
Fibroelastosis, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options
Fibroelastosis is an umbrella term for abnormal thickening of a tissue layer caused by extra fibrous (scar-like) and elastic fibers building up over time....
Fistula of coronary artery, Causes, Complications, and When to Treat
A fistula of the coronary artery is an unusual “shortcut” connection between a coronary artery (a vessel that feeds the heart muscle) and another...
Flail mitral leaflet: Mitral Regurgitation Signs, Tests, and Modern Treatments
A flail mitral leaflet is a problem of the heart’s “doorway” between the left upper and left lower chambers. The mitral valve (the heart’s...
Flash pulmonary edema: Symptoms, Emergency Treatment, and Prevention Plan
Flash pulmonary edema is a sudden, severe buildup of fluid in the lungs that can make breathing feel impossible within minutes to hours. It...
Floppy mitral valve syndrome: Causes, Risk Factors, and Mitral Regurgitation
Floppy mitral valve syndrome is a common condition where the “door” between the heart’s left upper and left lower chambers closes less firmly than...
Fulminant myocarditis: Causes, Risk Factors, and Why It Progresses So Fast
Fulminant myocarditis is a rare but life-threatening form of heart muscle inflammation that escalates fast—sometimes over hours to a few days. A person may...
Functional Aortic Regurgitation: Medical Therapy, Blood Pressure Control, and Next Steps
Functional aortic regurgitation happens when the aortic valve leaflets are not the main problem, but the “frame” they close against has changed shape. The...
Functional heart murmur: Innocent Murmur Meaning, Causes, and When to Worry
A functional heart murmur is an extra “whooshing” sound a clinician hears with a stethoscope even though the heart’s structure is normal. It is...
Functional mitral regurgitation: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options
Functional mitral regurgitation happens when the mitral valve leaflets themselves are not the main problem, yet the valve still leaks because the heart around...
Fungal endocarditis, Key warning signs, Diagnosis, and Modern Treatment
Fungal endocarditis is a rare but severe infection of the heart’s inner lining (endocarditis: infection of the heart’s inner lining). It often develops when...
Fungal myocarditis: Recognizing Symptoms Early, Confirming the Diagnosis, and Treatment Steps
Fungal myocarditis is an uncommon but serious infection in which fungi invade and inflame the heart muscle. It most often appears in people whose...
Fungal pericarditis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment Pathways
Fungal pericarditis is an uncommon but serious infection of the sac around the heart. The pericardium—the heart’s thin protective lining—normally lets the heart move...