Pregnenolone has garnered increased attention for its potential to balance hormones, elevate cognitive processes, and support various aspects of mental well-being. Often referred to as the “parent hormone,” pregnenolone plays a critical role in the body’s production of steroid hormones, including cortisol, estrogen, testosterone, and progesterone. As research advances, experts are unveiling how this foundational substance may boost mood, sharpen memory, and help offset stress-related disorders. In this article, we will explore its biological mechanisms, best practices for supplementation, and scientific evidence on how pregnenolone could be pivotal for improving and safeguarding mental health.
Table of Contents
- Understanding Pregnenolone: A Foundational Overview
- Mechanisms for How Pregnenolone Enhances Brain Wellness and Emotional Stability
- Core Advantages of Pregnenolone in Addressing Psychiatric Challenges
- Guidelines for Using Pregnenolone Effectively
- Scientific Data and Research on Pregnenolone
- Frequently Asked Questions
- References and Sources
Understanding Pregnenolone: A Foundational Overview
Before delving into pregnenolone for brain health, it’s crucial to clarify exactly what pregnenolone is and why it garners so much interest among healthcare professionals and wellness enthusiasts. Pregnenolone is a naturally occurring steroid hormone synthesized primarily in the adrenal glands, but also in the liver, gonads, and even the brain. It serves as a precursor to many key hormones in the body, making it essential for numerous physiological processes—particularly those related to mood regulation, energy metabolism, and cognition.
Historical Context and Early Investigations
Although modern science has begun exploring pregnenolone’s potential in recent decades, interest in steroids and their precursors stretches back to the early 20th century. Researchers had initially focused on the sex hormones estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone, and subsequently recognized that the body synthesizes multiple intermediate substances that feed into these crucial pathways. Among these intermediates, pregnenolone stood out for its wide-ranging influence on everything from metabolism to neurological function.
By the mid-20th century, a few pioneers in endocrinology speculated that hormone imbalances might contribute to degenerative conditions, anxiety, depression, and impaired memory. This broader conceptual framework laid the groundwork for more focused inquiries into how pregnenolone might help counterbalance certain hormonal imbalances or strengthen mental capacity.
Position in the Hormonal Cascade
Pregnenolone is sometimes called the “mother hormone” because it is the substrate from which various hormones are produced, including:
- Progesterone: A hormone critical for reproductive health and mood stability.
- Cortisol: Often referred to as the “stress hormone,” vital for the fight-or-flight response, blood sugar regulation, and immune function.
- Estrogens: A group of hormones important for reproductive function, bone density, and neuroprotection.
- Testosterone: Essential for muscle mass, energy, and libido in both men and women.
Because pregnenolone sits at the top of this hierarchy, fluctuations in its levels can reverberate through multiple bodily systems—some of which directly impact stress resilience and cognitive function.
Essential Roles Beyond Hormone Production
In addition to fueling the production of other hormones, pregnenolone may have direct actions of its own:
- Neurosteroid Influence: Being synthesized in the brain, pregnenolone can act as a neurosteroid, modulating certain receptors that affect mood, memory, and perception of stress.
- Modulation of GABA and NMDA Receptors: Preliminary data shows pregnenolone can influence inhibitory and excitatory neural pathways, possibly leading to anxiolytic or antidepressant-like effects.
- Inflammatory Balance: Hormonal precursors sometimes carry anti-inflammatory properties that could protect neurons and other tissues from chronic damage.
Age-Related Decline
One point fueling the conversation around pregnenolone for mental health is the well-documented drop in steroid hormone levels with age. Adulthood brings a gradual decline in pregnenolone, DHEA, and other hormones—often accompanied by increasing susceptibility to memory lapses, mood swings, and stress intolerance. Supplementing with pregnenolone might help individuals counteract some of these shifts, although more large-scale clinical trials are needed to confirm the long-term efficacy and safety of such an approach.
Modern Resurgence
Today’s health landscape is heavily focused on how hormones affect mental well-being, with integrative and functional medicine practitioners at the forefront of investigating hormone-based therapies. Pregnenolone, once considered obscure, has reemerged as a promising candidate for those looking to balance their internal chemistry, enhance stress management, and sharpen cognitive function. While it is not a one-size-fits-all solution, many believe it holds promise for specific populations, including older adults, individuals with hormonal deficiencies, and those coping with chronic stress or mental health concerns.
Key Considerations
- Bioavailability: The effectiveness of pregnenolone supplements may vary depending on the form (oral capsules, sublingual tablets, etc.) and individual factors such as gut health.
- Individual Variability: Because hormone balance is highly personalized, not everyone will respond equally to pregnenolone. Some might see significant benefits; others might experience minimal changes.
- Regulatory Context: In many countries, pregnenolone is available over the counter as a dietary supplement, while in others it might be more strictly regulated. Always consult local guidelines and a qualified healthcare professional for personalized advice.
Understanding these basics lays a solid foundation for exploring how pregnenolone can play a pivotal role in improving mental health, preventing mental disorders, and boosting overall cognitive function.
Mechanisms for How Pregnenolone Enhances Brain Wellness and Emotional Stability
To appreciate why pregnenolone for mental health may be transformative, it’s helpful to explore the biological mechanisms that underpin its impact on mood, cognition, and stress management. Pregnenolone functions through multiple interwoven pathways: modulating neurotransmitters, balancing other hormone levels, and affecting inflammation, to name a few.
1. Neurosteroid Action and Synaptic Modulation
Neurosteroids are steroids synthesized in the brain that significantly affect neural excitability, plasticity, and communication. Pregnenolone is among the better-known neurosteroids, capable of modulating receptors for:
- GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid): The primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Enhancing GABAergic function tends to foster relaxation and combat anxiety.
- NMDA (N-Methyl-D-Aspartate): An excitatory receptor involved in learning, memory, and neuroplasticity. Regulation of NMDA can balance excitatory signals, thereby influencing mental energy and attention.
Some research suggests that pregnenolone’s interplay with these critical pathways may help stabilize mood swings and support cognitive clarity. This dual ability to refine both inhibitory and excitatory processes is unique and makes pregnenolone stand out among potential nootropic or psychoactive supplements.
2. Supporting Adrenal Function
The adrenal glands are central to stress responses: they produce cortisol, adrenaline, and other compounds that prepare the body for challenges. However, prolonged or chronic stress can dysregulate these systems, leading to adrenal fatigue or an ongoing surplus of cortisol—a hormone linked to everything from compromised immune function to mood imbalances.
Because pregnenolone is a precursor to cortisol, ensuring adequate levels of pregnenolone may help the body generate cortisol in a more controlled, balanced manner. This does not automatically correct all stress-related issues, but it can serve as an important buffer against the complete depletion of key hormones when stress is persistent.
3. Hormonal Equilibrium and Cascade Effects
Pregnenolone supports the body’s steroid hormone production line, ultimately affecting:
- Progesterone: Important for mood stability, quality sleep, and mitigating the effects of stress.
- Estrogen and Testosterone: While often discussed in the context of reproduction, these hormones also affect cognition, motivation, and emotional states.
- DHEA (Dehydroepiandrosterone): Frequently referred to as a “youth hormone,” DHEA helps regulate energy and mood.
A deficiency in any of these hormones can produce symptoms like brain fog, irritability, low energy, and vulnerability to depression or anxiety. Pregnenolone’s role in hormone synthesis may thus help maintain an equilibrium that indirectly, yet significantly, supports mental clarity and emotional resilience.
4. Neuroinflammation Management
Chronic inflammation within the brain can disrupt neural communication, degrade synaptic efficiency, and contribute to mental health disorders. While pregnenolone isn’t usually touted as an anti-inflammatory compound on its own, its downstream hormones—cortisol and progesterone in particular—carry anti-inflammatory properties. This capacity to help keep inflammatory cascades in check means that pregnenolone might indirectly protect neuronal structures and neurotransmitter systems against inflammatory stress.
5. Enhancement of Myelin and Neuronal Maintenance
Emerging evidence indicates that pregnenolone might affect the maintenance of myelin, the protective sheath that wraps around neurons to facilitate efficient signal transmission. Healthy myelination is crucial for agile thinking, swift reflexes, and stable mood. By aiding in hormone production that supports central nervous system maintenance, pregnenolone can play a role in preserving or even improving nerve cell function over time.
6. Potential Influence on Memory and Learning
Pregnenolone’s effect on NMDA receptors and other neuronal components has led some researchers to hypothesize that it may promote improved memory consolidation and learning capacity. Early animal studies and limited human trials point to possible enhancements in working memory and recall tasks, particularly in older adults or those with hormone imbalances. These data suggest that keeping pregnenolone levels within a healthy range might be one route to a sharper memory, though the magnitude of benefit may differ among individuals.
7. Interplay with Cortisol and Stress Response
While healthy cortisol levels are necessary for daily functioning, excessive or unregulated cortisol can wreak havoc on mood, sleep quality, and mental performance. Pregnenolone’s position in the steroid pathway means it can help ensure that adrenal hormones remain balanced, reducing the risk of spikes or crashes often associated with chronic stress. A stable stress hormone profile typically translates into reduced anxiety, better coping skills, and an overall more positive outlook.
Putting It All Together
These interconnected mechanisms highlight pregnenolone’s broad impact on mental health and well-being. From fine-tuning neurotransmitter receptor activity to adjusting hormone synthesis and moderating inflammation, pregnenolone displays a multi-targeted approach—a characteristic that sets it apart from more specialized supplements. Recognizing how these pathways converge in the human brain underscores pregnenolone’s potential to improve mental health and bolster cognitive function against daily stressors and age-related decline.
Core Advantages of Pregnenolone in Addressing Psychiatric Challenges
Individuals often turn to pregnenolone supplements to seek relief from cognitive and emotional symptoms not fully resolved by standard interventions. While scientific data is still evolving, anecdotal reports and early studies reveal that pregnenolone supplementation might help in various ways. Below are some of the most frequently cited pregnenolone benefits for mental health and psychiatric well-being.
1. Reduced Anxiety and Improved Stress Response
Anxiety disorders are among the most prevalent mental health concerns worldwide. Chronic stress is a well-known contributor, draining hormone reserves and keeping the body in a constant fight-or-flight state. By replenishing precursor hormones like pregnenolone, the body might better:
- Maintain Balanced Cortisol Levels: Keeping stress hormones in equilibrium, which can reduce chronic anxiety symptoms.
- Bolster GABAergic Function: Alleviating restlessness and muscle tension associated with anxious feelings.
2. Enhanced Mood and Potential Antidepressant Effects
Mood swings or low mood are often interlaced with hormonal imbalances, inflammation, and disrupted neurotransmitter pathways. Pregnenolone’s ability to modulate neurosteroid production and restore some measure of hormonal harmony could:
- Boost Sense of Well-Being: Alleviating subclinical depressive states.
- Protect Neurons: Reducing oxidative and inflammatory stress that can undermine motivation and emotional stability.
- Promote Balanced Serotonin and Dopamine Levels: Though indirect, better overall endocrine regulation can subtly improve the neurotransmitter environment associated with mood regulation.
3. Support for Sleep Quality
Quality sleep is intimately tied to mental health. Hormones like progesterone and cortisol help set circadian rhythms and orchestrate restful sleep. Insufficient pregnenolone could mean suboptimal levels of progesterone, which is known to:
- Help Calm the Mind: Encouraging better sleep onset.
- Regulate Sleep-Wake Cycles: Preventing erratic cortisol spikes that might otherwise interrupt deep sleep stages.
Individuals taking pregnenolone occasionally report feeling more refreshed upon waking, likely due to improved hormonal communication that fosters stable, restorative sleep.
4. Cognitive Clarity and Memory Preservation
Sluggish thought processes, difficulty focusing, and memory lapses are not always just “signs of aging.” They can also stem from diminishing hormone levels, elevated stress, and suboptimal neurotransmitter activity. By bolstering hormone precursors:
- Enhanced Working Memory: Possibly resulting from improved NMDA receptor regulation.
- Sharper Alertness: A stable hormonal environment can translate into consistent energy and mental agility.
- Prevention of Brain Fog: Keeping stress and inflammatory markers at bay helps maintain mental acuity.
5. Potential Role in Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder
Although mainstream application is still in early phases, a handful of studies have begun investigating pregnenolone’s use for specific psychiatric conditions. For instance:
- Schizophrenia: Some evidence suggests that low pregnenolone levels might correlate with more severe cognitive deficits. Early-phase research indicates supplementation could lessen certain cognitive and negative symptoms, though results are mixed.
- Bipolar Disorder: Hormonal imbalances, including fluctuations in stress hormones, can exacerbate mood swings. Pregnenolone might assist in smoothing out some of these hormonal roller coasters, potentially aiding those with bipolar disorder when used alongside conventional treatments.
6. Reduced Perimenopausal or Menopausal Discomfort
Women approaching or experiencing menopause often report mood instability, irritability, and mental sluggishness tied to declining sex hormones. Because pregnenolone fosters the production of these hormones, it may deliver:
- Hot Flash Relief: Through stabilizing overall steroid hormone levels.
- Mood Support: By mitigating the emotional peaks and troughs frequently associated with menopause.
- Cognitive Protection: Helping preserve memory function during this transitional period.
7. Stress-Related Eating and Energy Metabolism
Stress eating or a dip in motivation to exercise can lead to weight management challenges and further stress, perpetuating a cycle that undermines mental well-being. Pregnenolone could help indirectly here by:
- Stabilizing Cortisol: Reducing stress-driven cravings or emotional eating episodes.
- Sustaining Energy Levels: Balanced hormones often equate to more stable energy, making exercise or mindful eating more feasible.
Summary of Key Advantages
From the vantage point of mental and psychiatric health, pregnenolone’s wide-ranging physiological effects make it a contender for individuals wrestling with anxiety, depression, cognitive fog, or stress-based concerns. While it’s not a panacea and often requires integration with other treatments and lifestyle changes, many see pregnenolone as a valuable adjunct that can amplify emotional stability, resilience, and mental performance.
Guidelines for Using Pregnenolone Effectively
Optimizing the use of pregnenolone for brain health involves more than just purchasing a supplement. Variables like dosage form, timing, diet, and potential interactions all matter. Below are practical considerations to help ensure you gain the most from pregnenolone while safeguarding your health.
1. Selecting the Right Dosage Form
Pregnenolone supplements typically come in capsule or tablet formats. Sometimes, sublingual versions are available for faster absorption. To decide which form suits you:
- Capsules/Tablets: Straightforward to use, widely available, and may include added nutrients or co-factors such as vitamin C or magnesium.
- Sublingual: Dissolved under the tongue, potentially increasing bioavailability if you struggle with malabsorption in the gut.
Regardless of format, always review product labels for additional ingredients, fillers, or allergens, particularly if you have dietary restrictions.
2. Determining Dosage Levels
Pregnenolone dosages in retail products range widely—from 5 mg to 50 mg per tablet or capsule. Finding the right dose is highly individual and may require professional input. General considerations:
- Start Low: New users often begin at 5–10 mg daily to gauge tolerance.
- Incremental Adjustments: If no adverse effects appear, some may gradually increase to 20–50 mg per day if guided by a healthcare professional.
- Monitoring: Blood tests for hormone levels (DHEA, progesterone, cortisol, etc.) can help refine your dosage.
3. Timing and Frequency
When it comes to hormone precursors, timing can be critical:
- Morning Use: Some people prefer taking pregnenolone early in the day for a possible energy or mood lift.
- Split Doses: For those sensitive to hormone shifts, splitting the daily dose into two smaller portions (morning and midday) may yield a steadier effect.
- Avoiding Late Evenings: Because pregnenolone can influence energy and alertness, taking it too close to bedtime might disrupt sleep in some individuals.
4. Possible Side Effects
Although pregnenolone is generally considered safe at modest doses, potential side effects include:
- Headaches: Typically mild, possibly due to abrupt hormonal fluctuations.
- Irritability or Mood Swings: Over-supplementation might disrupt the hormone balance it’s intended to help.
- Acne or Oily Skin: When hormone levels shift, the skin often responds.
If you encounter pronounced or persistent side effects, it’s wise to reduce the dose or cease use until you consult with a medical professional.
5. Interactions and Precautions
Pregnenolone is involved in numerous hormonal pathways, so it might interact with:
- Hormone Replacement Therapies: Combining pregnenolone with prescribed hormones (e.g., estrogen, progesterone) requires close monitoring to avoid over-supplementation.
- Steroid Medications: Pregnenolone could potentially alter the metabolism or effectiveness of certain steroids.
- Other Nootropics or Supplements: While synergy is possible, caution and professional guidance are advisable to prevent unintentional hormone imbalances.
6. Importance of Professional Guidance
No single dosage or regimen suits everyone. Factors like age, hormone profile, health status, and medication use can all influence how you respond to pregnenolone. Enlisting the help of an endocrinologist, functional medicine practitioner, or naturopath well-versed in hormone therapy can:
- Pinpoint a Safe Starting Dose
- Order Relevant Blood Work (to track hormone levels and ensure balanced supplementation)
- Recommend Lifestyle Adjustments to magnify pregnenolone’s benefits (e.g., diet rich in healthy fats, adequate rest, stress-management techniques).
7. Complementary Lifestyle Factors
For best outcomes, pair pregnenolone use with broader self-care strategies:
- Balanced Diet: Nutrient deficiencies in vitamins A, C, E, or essential fatty acids can hamper hormone production and overall health.
- Regular Exercise: Physical activity stimulates hormone regulation, lowers stress, and enhances mood.
- Quality Sleep: Adequate rest ensures that the body’s endocrine system remains stable, a key component when supplementing with hormone precursors.
- Stress Management: Tools like meditation, yoga, or cognitive behavioral therapy can mitigate cortisol imbalances and complement pregnenolone’s potential benefits.
By blending thoughtful supplementation with wholesome lifestyle habits, many individuals stand the best chance of harnessing pregnenolone’s role in mental health improvement, keeping side effects at bay, and achieving more consistent, meaningful results.
Scientific Data and Research on Pregnenolone
While pregnenolone has been studied in various contexts since the mid-1900s, rigorous modern research specifically targeting its effects on brain conditions, mood, and psychiatric disorders has picked up more recently. Below is a survey of existing studies and emerging insights into how pregnenolone might improve mental health and mitigate some neurological or psychiatric issues.
Clinical Trials and Human Studies
- Cognition and Memory
- Small-Scale Trials: Early investigations suggested that supplementing with pregnenolone might enhance memory recall and verbal fluency in older adults with mild cognitive challenges.
- Pilot Studies: Some short-term studies in healthy adults have noted modest improvements in working memory tasks, though results are not always statistically significant.
- Mood Disorders
- Depression and Anxiety: A handful of preliminary investigations indicate that pregnenolone supplementation correlates with reduced depressive and anxiety symptoms in specific populations, such as individuals recovering from substance abuse or those with chronic stress.
- Schizophrenia: Some clinical work points to pregnenolone’s potential to reduce negative symptoms (apathy, social withdrawal) and cognitive deficits, though larger, more controlled trials are needed to confirm these findings.
- Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
- Neuroprotection: Limited studies suggest that pregnenolone might reduce inflammation or cell damage in experimental TBI models. Clinical data in humans is sparse but indicates a possible protective role when administered soon after brain injury.
- Sleep Quality and Stress
- Subjective Reports: Volunteers receiving low-dose pregnenolone have sometimes reported more restful sleep and reduced waking during the night. Controlled studies are still needed to validate these subjective observations.
- Cortisol Regulation: Some research postulates that pregnenolone supplementation could help modulate high cortisol levels, potentially alleviating stress overload in certain individuals.
Animal Research and Mechanistic Studies
Animal models allow scientists to zero in on molecular pathways that are difficult to isolate in human trials. Key points include:
- Synaptic Plasticity: Rodent studies have shown that pregnenolone may upregulate proteins necessary for learning and memory, possibly via changes in NMDA receptor functioning.
- Anxiolytic Behavior: In certain stress-challenge tests, rodents administered pregnenolone displayed less anxiety-like behavior, hinting at a calming effect potentially translatable to human anxiety disorders.
- Endocrine Regulation: Detailed experiments demonstrate how pregnenolone deficiency leads to misalignment in progesterone, cortisol, and other hormones, reinforcing the view that pregnenolone is central to hormonal homeostasis.
Mechanistic Insights
To better understand how pregnenolone for brain health might serve as a protective or restorative agent, researchers are honing in on:
- Gene Expression: Investigating whether pregnenolone influences genes related to neuroinflammation, neurogenesis, and neuronal survival.
- Receptor Modulation: Determining how pregnenolone’s neurosteroid properties affect GABA-A, NMDA, and other receptor subtypes, potentially altering fear responses and mood states.
- Neuroendocrine Crosstalk: Further exploration of how pregnenolone’s interplay with hormones like DHEA or progesterone can contribute to stable mood, improved memory, or resilience to stress.
Limitations and Gaps
Despite growing curiosity, the research on pregnenolone is far from complete:
- Small Sample Sizes: Many published studies are preliminary or pilot in nature, involving relatively few participants.
- Short Duration: Long-term effects remain underexplored, leaving questions about sustained use, optimal dose, and potential side effects.
- Variability in Protocols: Different studies use distinct forms of pregnenolone (i.e., oral vs. sublingual), dosage ranges, and outcome measures, making direct comparisons challenging.
Future Directions
As interest in bioidentical hormones and integrative therapy deepens, it’s likely that larger-scale, randomized controlled trials will emerge to address critical questions, including:
- Long-Term Safety: Establishing any risks of continuous pregnenolone use, especially in vulnerable groups like seniors or individuals with comorbid conditions.
- Optimal Combination Therapies: Exploring whether pregnenolone works best when combined with other supplements, lifestyle interventions, or medications.
- Population-Specific Effects: Investigating pregnenolone’s impact in distinct groups—such as menopausal women, individuals with bipolar disorder, or those recovering from traumatic brain injury.
Collectively, the evidence to date suggests that pregnenolone could be a noteworthy component in strategies aimed at preventing mental disorders and bolstering brain resilience. Nevertheless, thorough scientific validation remains a work in progress, highlighting the importance of cautious optimism and informed medical guidance when incorporating pregnenolone into a health regimen.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the ideal pregnenolone dosage for mental health support?
Individuals often start with 5–10 mg daily and adjust based on personal response. Some may go up to 20–50 mg under medical supervision. It’s essential to monitor hormone levels and overall health to avoid taking too much. Always consult a healthcare professional for personalized dosing.
Can pregnenolone improve memory and focus?
Pregnenolone may help sharpen cognitive function by modulating key neurotransmitter systems and supporting hormone balance. Some people report enhanced alertness and better recall after consistent use. However, results can vary, and large-scale studies are still needed to confirm widespread effectiveness.
Is pregnenolone useful for anxiety or stress-related issues?
Pregnenolone may support the adrenal glands and contribute to balanced cortisol levels, promoting a calmer mood. It can also modulate receptors linked to anxiety regulation. While preliminary research is encouraging, it should be part of a broader stress-management strategy rather than a stand-alone solution.
Are there any interactions between pregnenolone and prescription medications?
Because pregnenolone is a hormone precursor, it can affect levels of cortisol, progesterone, and other steroids. If you’re taking hormone replacement therapies or certain medications (especially steroids), consult a healthcare provider to avoid unforeseen interactions or excessive hormone levels.
Can I combine pregnenolone with other supplements for mental health?
Yes, many people pair pregnenolone with omega-3 fatty acids, B vitamins, or adaptogenic herbs to enhance cognitive and stress benefits. However, synergy can vary from person to person. Professional advice ensures that combining supplements is appropriate for your unique hormone profile.
How long before I notice improvements in mood or cognition?
Some users observe subtle enhancements in mood and mental clarity within a few weeks. For more pronounced changes—especially in cases of chronic hormone deficiencies or heightened stress—several months of consistent use might be necessary. Keep track of any shifts and consult with a healthcare professional to fine-tune usage.
References and Sources
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- Naylor JC, Kilts JD, Strauss JL, et al. “Effects of pregnenolone supplementation in individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder: A clinical trial.” Neuropsychopharmacology. 2014;39(3):675–682.
- Vallee M. “Neurosteroids: Deficient cognitive performance in aging.” Brain Research Reviews. 2009;62(1):132–137.
- Flood JF, Roberts E. “Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and pregnenolone sulfate enhance memory retention in mice.” Brain Research. 1988;447(2):269–278.
- Wolkowitz OM, Reus VI, et al. “Neurosteroids, stress, and depression: The pregnenolone hypothesis.” Neurobiology of Stress. 2019;10:100140.
- Gorostiaga E, et al. “Pregnenolone supplementation in older adults: Preliminary findings on cognitive function.” Current Aging Science. 2015;8(2):64–71.
- Akwa Y. “Neurosteroids and their precursors as modulators of neurotransmission and their effects on mood and cognition.” Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2020;11:289.
Disclaimer:
This article is offered for educational purposes only and should not be taken as medical advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare practitioner to address any personal health questions or concerns, especially when considering hormone-related supplements.
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