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Understand the 1-mg low-dose dexamethasone suppression test, the common cortisol cutoff of 1.8 mcg/dL, causes of nonsuppression, and the follow-up used for Cushing screening.

Low-Dose Dexamethasone Suppression Test: Cushing Syndrome Screening and Results

Learn how an 8–9 a.m. cortisol test screens for adrenal insufficiency, what low and intermediate results mean, how ACTH helps identify the cause, and when stimulation testing is needed.

Morning Cortisol Test: Low Levels, Adrenal Insufficiency, and Results

Learn how a pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma panel uses plasma or urine metanephrines, normetanephrine, catecholamines, and controlled collection to interpret abnormal results.

Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma Test Panel: Metanephrines, Normetanephrine, Catecholamines, and Results

Learn what plasma epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine results mean, why collection posture matters, common causes of high values, and when metanephrine testing is preferred.

Plasma Catecholamines Test: Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Dopamine, and Results

Learn how plasma free metanephrine and normetanephrine testing screens for pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma, why supine rest matters, and how high or borderline results are evaluated.

Plasma Free Metanephrines Test: Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma Screening, High Levels, and Results

Learn what a high plasma normetanephrine result means, why supine rest matters, common false-positive causes, when clonidine testing is used, and how PPGL evaluation proceeds.

Plasma Normetanephrine Test: High Levels, Pheochromocytoma Screening, and Results

Diagnostics

Home Diagnostics Page 24

Learn how to interpret ALT and AST liver enzyme results, including normal ranges, high patterns, common causes, related tests, urgent warning signs, and safe follow-up steps.

ALT and AST: Interpreting Liver Enzymes Without Overdoing It

ALT and AST are liver enzymes with different meanings. Learn how ALT vs AST patterns, the AST/ALT ratio, high results, related liver tests, and urgent warning signs are interpreted.

ALT vs AST: What Is the Difference in Liver Blood Tests?

Learn the normal amylase blood test range, what high or low amylase can mean, how it relates to pancreatitis and salivary gland disease, and when follow-up testing matters.

Amylase Blood Test Normal Range: Reference Values and Meaning

APRI score uses AST and platelet count to estimate liver fibrosis risk. Learn the APRI formula, common cutoffs, result meanings, limitations, and follow-up steps.

APRI Score Test: AST-to-Platelet Ratio Index, Liver Fibrosis Score, Calculator, and...

Learn what the AST blood test measures, common normal ranges, what high or low AST can mean, and how AST is interpreted with ALT and other liver markers.

Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) Normal Range: Reference Values and Meaning

ALT vs AST What Is the Difference in Liver Blood Tests

AST/ALT Ratio and GGT: Interpreting Alcohol-Related Liver Patterns

Learn what a high AST/ALT ratio can mean, how to calculate it, why alcohol-related liver injury often raises the ratio, and which other liver tests change the interpretation.

AST/ALT Ratio Test: High Ratio, Liver Disease Patterns, Alcohol-Related Liver Injury,...

Learn how bilirubin, ALT, AST, ALP, GGT, direct bilirubin, and indirect bilirubin patterns help explain jaundice blood test results and next steps.

Bilirubin and Liver Enzymes: Interpreting Jaundice Blood Tests

Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) is a blood marker of sustained heavy alcohol use. Learn what CDT measures, normal ranges, high results, liver risk, false positives, and follow-up testing mean.

Carbohydrate-Deficient Transferrin (CDT) Test: Alcohol Use Marker, Liver Risk, Normal Range,...

Learn what a cholinesterase blood test measures, why low cholinesterase can happen, and how results relate to liver function, pesticide exposure, and anesthesia risk.

Cholinesterase Blood Test: Low Cholinesterase, Liver Function, Pesticide Exposure, and Results

Learn what the cytokeratin-18 CK-18 blood test measures, why it is studied in fatty liver and NASH, what high results can mean, and how CK-18 compares with liver enzymes, fibrosis scores, and imaging.

Cytokeratin-18 (CK-18) Blood Test: Fatty Liver, NASH, Liver Cell Death, and...

Learn what a direct bilirubin blood test measures, normal range, high direct bilirubin causes, bile duct and liver patterns, symptoms, and next steps.

Direct Bilirubin Blood Test: High Direct Bilirubin, Normal Range, Liver and...

Learn how direct and indirect bilirubin patterns differ, what high direct or indirect bilirubin can mean, and which follow-up tests help clarify liver, bile duct, or blood-related causes.

Direct vs Indirect Bilirubin: What the Pattern Can Mean

Learn what the Enhanced Liver Fibrosis (ELF) test measures, how to interpret high ELF scores and common cutoffs, and what follow-up may be needed for liver fibrosis risk.

Enhanced Liver Fibrosis (ELF) Test: High ELF Score, Normal Range, Liver...

Compare FIB-4 and APRI liver fibrosis scores, including formulas, common cutoffs, strengths, limitations, misleading patterns, and follow-up steps after abnormal results.

FIB-4 and APRI: Comparing Liver Fibrosis Scores

Understand the FIB-4 Index test, including the formula, calculator inputs, common cutoffs, high and low score meaning, liver fibrosis risk, limitations, and next steps.

Fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) Index Test: Liver Fibrosis Score, Normal Range, Calculator, and...

FibroTest, also called FibroSure, estimates liver fibrosis with a 0.00–1.00 blood test score. Learn ranges, stages, false results, and follow-up steps.

FibroTest Blood Test: Liver Fibrosis Score, FibroSure, Normal Range, and Results

Learn what a GGT blood test measures, what high GGT can mean, how normal ranges vary, and how GGT relates to liver disease, bile ducts, alcohol use, fatty liver, medicines, and follow-up testing.

Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) Test: High GGT, Normal Range, Liver Disease, Alcohol...

Understand how GGT and ALT patterns can point to fatty liver, alcohol-related liver stress, bile duct problems, medication effects, and when follow-up testing matters.

GGT and ALT: Interpreting Fatty Liver, Alcohol, and Liver Stress

Understand the globulin blood test normal range, what high or low globulin can mean, how it relates to total protein and A/G ratio, and which follow-up tests may clarify abnormal results.

Globulin Blood Test Normal Range: Reference Values and Meaning

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