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Learn how HLA-DR and CD38 flow cytometry measures activated T cells, what high results may mean, why ranges vary, and how clinicians plan follow-up.

Activated T-Cell Marker Test: HLA-DR, CD38, Immune Activation, and Inflammation

Understand how CD19 and CD20 B-cell counts are measured, why results may be high or low, how anti-CD20 therapy affects them, and which follow-up tests assess antibody function.

B-Cell Count Test: CD19, CD20, Immune Function, and Antibody Production

Learn what a CD4 count measures, how HIV affects helper T cells, what common ranges and thresholds mean, why results fluctuate, and how the test guides monitoring and infection prevention.

CD4 Count Test: Helper T Cells, Immune Function, HIV Monitoring, and Meaning

Learn how the CD4/CD8 ratio is calculated, what low or high results may mean, why an inverted ratio is nonspecific, and how the test adds context in HIV and immune monitoring.

CD4/CD8 Ratio Test: Immune Balance, High and Low Ratio, and Meaning

Learn what a CD8 count measures, why cytotoxic T-cell numbers may rise or fall, how viral infections affect results, and why cell quantity does not equal antiviral function.

CD8 Count Test: Cytotoxic T Cells, Immune Function, and Viral Response

Understand what a chemokine panel measures, why immune-signaling and cell-migration markers rise or fall, and how specialists interpret patterns and limitations.

Chemokine Panel Test: Immune Signaling, Inflammation, and Cell Migration Markers

Diagnostics

Home Diagnostics Page 23

Learn how MECP2 sequencing, deletion testing, mosaicism, and result categories support a Rett syndrome diagnosis, family counseling, and care planning.

Rett Syndrome Genetic Test: MECP2 Gene Mutations and Results

Understand SMA genetic testing, including SMN1 and SMN2 copy number, silent-carrier risk, newborn screening, diagnostic results, and family next steps.

Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) Genetic Test: SMN1, SMN2 Copy Number, and...

Learn how spinocerebellar ataxia CAG repeat testing works, what repeat ranges mean, why assay methods matter, and how results guide care and families.

Spinocerebellar Ataxia Genetic Test: CAG Repeat Expansions and Results

Learn how cell-free DNA testing is used for prenatal screening, cancer mutation analysis, and transplant monitoring, including result meanings, limitations, and follow-up.

Cell-Free DNA (cfDNA) Test: Prenatal Screening, Cancer, and Transplant Results

Understand how chromosomal microarray detects deletions and duplications, what pathogenic and uncertain CNV results mean, what CMA misses, and when follow-up testing is needed.

Chromosomal Microarray Test: Copy Number Variants, Deletions, and Duplications

Learn how copy number variant tests detect deletions and duplications, how methods differ, what pathogenic and uncertain CNV results mean, and which follow-up tests may be needed.

Copy Number Variant (CNV) Test: Deletions, Duplications, and Results

Learn how deletion/duplication genetic testing finds missing or extra exons, how MLPA and NGS dosage analysis work, and what positive, negative, and uncertain results mean.

Deletion/Duplication Genetic Test: Copy Number Variants and Results

Learn how digital PCR detects rare mutations and measures copy number, including partition counting, detection limits, result units, false signals, and follow-up.

Digital PCR (dPCR) Test: Low-Level Mutations, Copy Number, and Results

Learn how FISH testing uses fluorescent probes to detect gene deletions, duplications, amplifications, and fusions, including signal patterns, cutoffs, and limitations.

Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) Test: Gene Deletions, Duplications, Fusions, and...

Gene fusion testing detects cancer-related rearrangements that can clarify diagnosis and guide targeted therapy; learn how RNA, DNA, FISH, PCR, and results differ.

Gene Fusion Test: Cancer Rearrangements, Fusion Genes, and Results

Karyotype testing counts chromosomes and detects large structural changes; understand balanced rearrangements, mosaicism, notation, limitations, and next steps.

Karyotype Test: Chromosome Number, Structure, and Results

Liquid biopsy testing analyzes circulating tumor DNA for cancer mutations, treatment targets, resistance, and residual disease; learn how positive and negative results differ.

Liquid Biopsy Test: Circulating Tumor DNA, Cancer Mutations, and Results

Loss of heterozygosity testing identifies locus-specific or genome-wide allelic loss in tumors; learn about copy-neutral LOH, HRD scores, limitations, and results.

Loss of Heterozygosity (LOH) Test: Tumor Genetics and Results

Methylation genetic testing detects imprinting abnormalities, constitutional episignatures, and cancer profiles; learn how methods, mosaicism, and result types differ.

Methylation Genetic Test: Imprinting Disorders, Cancer, and Results

Microsatellite instability testing evaluates mismatch repair in tumors for treatment and Lynch syndrome screening; learn about MSI-high, MSS, IHC, and follow-up.

Microsatellite Instability (MSI) Test: DNA Repair, Cancer Risk, and Results

Mitochondrial DNA sequencing detects mtDNA variants and heteroplasmy; learn how tissue choice, maternal inheritance, deletions, VUS findings, and negative results affect interpretation.

Mitochondrial DNA Sequencing Test: mtDNA Mutations and Results

Multigene panel testing analyzes inherited disease and cancer genes together; learn how panel selection, coverage, pathogenic variants, VUS findings, and negative results are interpreted.

Multigene Panel Test: Inherited Disease Genes, Cancer Genes, and Results

MLPA testing detects targeted gene deletions and duplications; learn how the assay works, how results are interpreted, why findings need confirmation, and what a negative result means.

Multiplex Ligation-Dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA) Test: Gene Deletions, Duplications, and Results

Understand how next-generation sequencing tests analyze gene panels, exomes, and genomes, what pathogenic, negative, and VUS results mean, and where NGS can miss variants.

Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) Test: Gene Panels, Variants, and Results

Learn how PCR tests amplify DNA or RNA, what positive, negative, Ct, and invalid results mean, and why sample quality, timing, and assay design affect accuracy.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Test: DNA Amplification, Variants, and Results

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