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Learn how HLA-DR and CD38 flow cytometry measures activated T cells, what high results may mean, why ranges vary, and how clinicians plan follow-up.

Activated T-Cell Marker Test: HLA-DR, CD38, Immune Activation, and Inflammation

Understand how CD19 and CD20 B-cell counts are measured, why results may be high or low, how anti-CD20 therapy affects them, and which follow-up tests assess antibody function.

B-Cell Count Test: CD19, CD20, Immune Function, and Antibody Production

Learn what a CD4 count measures, how HIV affects helper T cells, what common ranges and thresholds mean, why results fluctuate, and how the test guides monitoring and infection prevention.

CD4 Count Test: Helper T Cells, Immune Function, HIV Monitoring, and Meaning

Learn how the CD4/CD8 ratio is calculated, what low or high results may mean, why an inverted ratio is nonspecific, and how the test adds context in HIV and immune monitoring.

CD4/CD8 Ratio Test: Immune Balance, High and Low Ratio, and Meaning

Learn what a CD8 count measures, why cytotoxic T-cell numbers may rise or fall, how viral infections affect results, and why cell quantity does not equal antiviral function.

CD8 Count Test: Cytotoxic T Cells, Immune Function, and Viral Response

Understand what a chemokine panel measures, why immune-signaling and cell-migration markers rise or fall, and how specialists interpret patterns and limitations.

Chemokine Panel Test: Immune Signaling, Inflammation, and Cell Migration Markers

Diagnostics

Home Diagnostics Page 22

Understand DMD genetic testing for Duchenne muscular dystrophy, including exon deletions, duplications, sequencing, reading-frame results, treatment eligibility, and carrier risk.

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Genetic Test: DMD Gene, Deletions, and Results

Learn how epilepsy genetic panel testing evaluates seizure genes, who benefits, how to interpret positive, uncertain, and negative results, and when findings can guide treatment.

Epilepsy Genetic Panel Test: Seizure Genes, Diagnosis, and Results

Understand FSHD genetic testing, including D4Z4 repeat size, permissive 4qA haplotypes, SMCHD1, methylation, FSHD1 versus FSHD2, mosaicism, and results.

Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy Genetic Test: D4Z4 Repeat, SMCHD1, and Results

Understand Fragile X FMR1 testing, CGG repeat ranges, methylation, mosaicism, autism-related features, premutation risks, AGG interruptions, and family results.

Fragile X Genetic Test: FMR1 CGG Repeats, Autism, and Results

Understand Friedreich ataxia genetic testing, FXN GAA repeat ranges, positive and carrier results, inheritance, limitations, and follow-up care.

Friedreich Ataxia Genetic Test: FXN Gene, GAA Repeats, and Results

Learn how MAPT, GRN, and C9orf72 testing is used in frontotemporal dementia, what positive or uncertain results mean, and how relatives are affected.

Frontotemporal Dementia Genetic Test: MAPT, GRN, C9orf72, and Results

Understand GBA genetic testing for Parkinson disease risk and Gaucher disease, including methods, variant results, inheritance, limitations, and follow-up.

GBA Genetic Test: Parkinson Disease Risk, Gaucher Disease, and Results

Learn how hereditary ataxia genetic testing detects SCA genes and repeat expansions, what positive, negative, and uncertain results mean, and when broader testing helps.

Hereditary Ataxia Genetic Test: Spinocerebellar Ataxia Genes and Results

Understand hereditary spastic paraplegia genetic testing, including common HSP genes, panel and genome methods, result meanings, inheritance, mimics, and follow-up.

Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia Genetic Test: Spasticity Genes and Results

Learn how the Huntington disease genetic test measures HTT CAG repeats, what each result range means, and how predictive testing, inheritance, and follow-up work.

Huntington Disease Genetic Test: HTT CAG Repeats, Risk, and Results

Understand genetic testing for intellectual disability, including chromosomal microarray, exome sequencing, result types, limitations, and next steps.

Intellectual Disability Genetic Test: Chromosomal Microarray, Exome Sequencing, and Results

Learn how limb-girdle muscular dystrophy genetic testing evaluates muscle disease genes, interprets results, distinguishes mimics, and guides care.

Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy Genetic Test: Muscle Disease Genes and Results

Understand LRRK2 genetic testing for Parkinson disease, including pathogenic variants, penetrance, family risk, uncertain results, and clinical next steps.

LRRK2 Genetic Test: Parkinson Disease Risk and Results

Learn how malignant hyperthermia genetic testing evaluates RYR1 and CACNA1S, what results mean, why negative tests can miss risk, and how to plan safe anesthesia.

Malignant Hyperthermia Genetic Test: RYR1, CACNA1S, Anesthesia Risk, and Results

Learn how DMPK and CNBP repeat-expansion tests diagnose myotonic dystrophy types 1 and 2, explain result ranges, inheritance, limitations, and medical follow-up.

Myotonic Dystrophy Genetic Test: DMPK, CNBP Repeat Expansions, and Results

Understand how neurologic genetic panels test brain, nerve, and muscle genes, what positive, VUS, carrier, and negative results mean, and when other tests are needed.

Neurologic Genetic Panel Test: Brain, Nerve, Muscle Genes, and Results

Learn how LRRK2, GBA1, SNCA, PRKN, PINK1, PARK7, and VPS35 testing is interpreted in Parkinson disease, including positive, carrier, VUS, and negative results.

Parkinson Disease Genetic Test: LRRK2, GBA, SNCA, PRKN, and Results

Learn what an Alzheimer disease polygenic risk score measures, how APOE and ancestry affect results, why percentiles are not probabilities, and where clinical limits remain.

Polygenic Risk Score (PRS) for Alzheimer Disease: Genetic Risk and Results

Learn how methylation, chromosomal microarray, maternal UPD testing, and imprinting-center analysis diagnose Prader-Willi syndrome and clarify recurrence risk.

Prader-Willi Syndrome Genetic Test: Methylation, Deletion, UPD, and Results

Learn what psychiatric pharmacogenetic tests can reveal about CYP2D6, CYP2C19, and antidepressant metabolism, why color bins have limits, and how to use results safely.

Psychiatric Pharmacogenetic Test: Depression, Anxiety, Medication Response, and Results

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