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Understand ALK fusion testing in lung cancer, including what a positive or negative result means, tissue and ctDNA methods, limitations, and treatment relevance.

ALK Fusion Test for Lung Cancer: Gene Fusion, Positive Result, and Molecular Meaning

Understand BRAF V600E testing in lung cancer, including what a positive or negative result means, tissue and ctDNA methods, limitations, and treatment relevance.

BRAF V600E Test for Lung Cancer: Mutation Status, Positive Result, and Molecular Meaning

Learn how the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) test is used in lung cancer, what high levels can mean, common non-cancer causes, reference ranges, and why serial trends matter.

CEA Test for Lung Cancer: Tumor Marker Monitoring, High Levels, and Result Meaning

Learn how the cytokeratin 19 fragment 21-1 (CYFRA 21-1) test is used in lung cancer, what high levels can mean, common non-cancer causes, reference ranges, and why serial trends matter.

CYFRA 21-1 Test for Lung Cancer: Tumor Marker Levels and Disease Monitoring

Understand EGFR exon 20 insertion testing in lung cancer, including what a positive or negative result means, tissue and ctDNA methods, limitations, and treatment relevance.

EGFR Exon 20 Insertion Test: Lung Cancer Mutation Status and Molecular Meaning

Understand EGFR mutation testing in lung cancer, including what a positive or negative result means, tissue and ctDNA methods, limitations, and treatment relevance.

EGFR Mutation Test for Lung Cancer: Exon 19, L858R, T790M, Mutation Status, and...

Diagnostics

Home Diagnostics Page 22

Learn how to interpret high, low, and normal complement C3 results, including autoimmune disease, kidney patterns, inflammation, inherited deficiency, and follow-up testing.

Complement C3 Test: High, Low, Normal Range, Autoimmune Disease, and Immune...

Understand high, low, and normal complement C4 results, including lupus monitoring, immune-complex disease, hereditary angioedema, paired C3 patterns, and next tests.

Complement C4 Test: High, Low, Normal Range, Autoimmune Disease, and Immune...

Learn how complement C5 antigen and function tests identify terminal-pathway deficiency, distinguish consumption from inherited defects, and guide meningococcal risk prevention.

Complement C5 Test: Terminal Complement Pathway and Deficiency Risk

Understand when a complement C6 test is used, how functional deficiency is confirmed, why meningococcal infections recur, and which prevention and follow-up steps matter.

Complement C6 Test: Complement Deficiency and Infection Risk

Learn how complement C7 functional testing confirms terminal-pathway deficiency, explains recurrent meningococcal infection, and guides genetic testing, vaccination, and emergency planning.

Complement C7 Test: Complement Deficiency and Infection Risk

Understand complement C8 functional testing, alpha-gamma and beta deficiency, CH50/AH50 patterns, recurrent meningococcal risk, genetic confirmation, and prevention.

Complement C8 Test: Complement Deficiency and Infection Risk

Learn how complement C9 testing detects terminal-pathway deficiency, why symptoms vary, how population genetics affects risk, and which vaccination and emergency steps matter.

Complement C9 Test: Complement Deficiency and Infection Risk

Understand what a Complement Factor B test measures, how antigen differs from Bb activation fragments, and how results relate to AH50, deficiency, kidney disease, and treatment.

Complement Factor B Test: Alternative Pathway Function and Complement Deficiency

Learn what Complement Factor H testing measures, why normal levels can miss dysfunction, and how antigen, autoantibodies, genetics, C3 patterns, kidney biopsy, and TMA evaluation fit together.

Complement Factor H Test: Complement Regulation, Kidney Disease, and Meaning

Learn how to interpret a diphtheria antibody test, including 0.01 and 0.1 IU/mL thresholds, timed vaccine-response testing, immune deficiency clues, confounders, and active-disease limits.

Diphtheria Antibody Test: Vaccine Immunity, Protection Level, and Immune Response

Understand serum free light chains, including kappa, lambda, the ratio, kidney effects, MGUS and myeloma patterns, the ratio-of-100 rule, companion tests, and urgent warning signs.

Free Light Chain Test: Kappa, Lambda, Ratio, and Plasma Cell Disorders

Understand IgA blood test ranges, causes of high or low IgA, mucosal immune function, selective IgA deficiency, and how IgA affects celiac testing.

IgA Blood Test: High, Low, Normal Range, Mucosal Immunity, and Celiac...

Learn how total and specific IgE blood tests are interpreted, why IgE may be high or low, and how results relate to allergy, asthma, parasites, and immune disorders.

IgE Blood Test: High, Low, Allergy, Asthma, Parasites, and Meaning

Understand IgG blood test ranges, causes of high and low IgG, infection risk, immune function, subclass testing, and the follow-up used for abnormal results.

IgG Blood Test: High, Low, Normal Range, Immune Function, and Infection...

Learn how IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4 tests are interpreted, why subclass levels may be low or high, and how infection history and vaccine responses confirm immune deficiency.

IgG Subclass Test: IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, Infections, and Immune Deficiency

Understand high IgG4 blood test results, normal ranges, IgG4-related disease symptoms, diagnostic biopsy, treatment, monitoring, and when to seek care.

IgG4 Blood Test: High Levels, IgG4-Related Disease, and Inflammation Meaning

Learn how to interpret an IgM blood test, including normal ranges, high and low causes, infection limits, immune deficiency, monoclonal IgM, and next steps.

IgM Blood Test: High, Low, Normal Range, Infection, and Immune Response

Understand serum immunofixation results, monoclonal protein types, IgG, IgA, IgM, kappa and lambda bands, plasma-cell disorders, limitations, and next steps.

Immunofixation Blood Test: Monoclonal Protein, Immunoglobulin Type, and Plasma Cell Disorders

Understand IgG, IgA, and IgM panel results, age-specific ranges, high and low patterns, antibody function, immune deficiency, monoclonal proteins, and follow-up tests.

Immunoglobulin Panel Test: IgG, IgA, IgM, High and Low Levels, and...

Understand high kappa free light chains, assay-specific ranges, kidney effects, kappa/lambda patterns, monoclonal gammopathy, myeloma, amyloidosis, and follow-up tests.

Kappa Light Chain Test: High Levels, Immune Protein, and Monoclonal Gammopathy

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