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Learn how HLA-DR and CD38 flow cytometry measures activated T cells, what high results may mean, why ranges vary, and how clinicians plan follow-up.

Activated T-Cell Marker Test: HLA-DR, CD38, Immune Activation, and Inflammation

Understand how CD19 and CD20 B-cell counts are measured, why results may be high or low, how anti-CD20 therapy affects them, and which follow-up tests assess antibody function.

B-Cell Count Test: CD19, CD20, Immune Function, and Antibody Production

Learn what a CD4 count measures, how HIV affects helper T cells, what common ranges and thresholds mean, why results fluctuate, and how the test guides monitoring and infection prevention.

CD4 Count Test: Helper T Cells, Immune Function, HIV Monitoring, and Meaning

Learn how the CD4/CD8 ratio is calculated, what low or high results may mean, why an inverted ratio is nonspecific, and how the test adds context in HIV and immune monitoring.

CD4/CD8 Ratio Test: Immune Balance, High and Low Ratio, and Meaning

Learn what a CD8 count measures, why cytotoxic T-cell numbers may rise or fall, how viral infections affect results, and why cell quantity does not equal antiviral function.

CD8 Count Test: Cytotoxic T Cells, Immune Function, and Viral Response

Understand what a chemokine panel measures, why immune-signaling and cell-migration markers rise or fall, and how specialists interpret patterns and limitations.

Chemokine Panel Test: Immune Signaling, Inflammation, and Cell Migration Markers

Diagnostics

Home Diagnostics Page 21

Learn what an SLCO1B1 genetic test reveals about simvastatin exposure and statin muscle-risk, how results are reported, and how clinicians may use them safely.

SLCO1B1 Genetic Test: Statin Muscle Risk, Simvastatin, and Results

Understand how a statin pharmacogenetic test uses SLCO1B1, ABCG2, and CYP2C9 results to assess muscle-risk and guide safer, effective statin choices.

Statin Pharmacogenetic Test: SLCO1B1, Muscle Pain Risk, and Results

Learn how CYP3A5 pharmacogenetic testing can guide an initial tacrolimus dose after transplant, how results are interpreted, and why trough monitoring remains essential.

Tacrolimus Pharmacogenetic Test: CYP3A5, Dose, Transplant, and Results

Learn how TPMT and NUDT15 pharmacogenetic testing predicts thiopurine toxicity risk, guides safer starting doses, and works with ongoing blood-count monitoring.

Thiopurine Pharmacogenetic Test: TPMT, NUDT15, Toxicity Risk, and Results

Learn how a TPMT genetic test predicts azathioprine and mercaptopurine toxicity risk, how metabolizer results guide starting doses, and why NUDT15 and blood monitoring still matter.

TPMT Genetic Test: Thiopurine Toxicity, Azathioprine, Mercaptopurine, and Results

Learn how UGT1A1 testing can predict irinotecan toxicity risk, support a Gilbert syndrome diagnosis, and clarify the meaning of *28, *6, and metabolizer results.

UGT1A1 Genetic Test: Irinotecan Toxicity, Gilbert Syndrome, and Results

Learn how a VKORC1 genetic test predicts warfarin sensitivity, what G/G, G/A, and A/A results mean, and why dosing still requires CYP2C9 data and INR monitoring.

VKORC1 Genetic Test: Warfarin Sensitivity, Dose, and Results

Understand how a warfarin pharmacogenetic test uses CYP2C9, VKORC1, CYP4F2, and ancestry-aware results to estimate dose while INR monitoring guides safe treatment.

Warfarin Pharmacogenetic Test: CYP2C9, VKORC1, CYP4F2, Dose, and Results

Understand Alzheimer disease genetic testing for APOE, APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2, including who should test, result meanings, family risk, and treatment safety.

Alzheimer Disease Genetic Test: APOE, APP, PSEN1, PSEN2, and Results

Learn how ALS genetic testing evaluates C9orf72, SOD1, TARDBP, FUS, and other genes, what results mean, and how findings can affect treatment and family risk.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Genetic Test: C9orf72, SOD1, TARDBP, and Results

Understand Angelman syndrome genetic testing for UBE3A, methylation, deletions, uniparental disomy, and imprinting defects, including results and recurrence risk.

Angelman Syndrome Genetic Test: UBE3A, Methylation, Deletion, and Results

Learn what an APOE genotype test shows about Alzheimer disease risk, cholesterol disorders, anti-amyloid treatment safety, and ε2, ε3, and ε4 results.

APOE Genotype Test: Alzheimer Disease Risk, Cholesterol, and Results

Learn how chromosomal microarray, exome sequencing, genome sequencing, and targeted tests are used in autism, what results mean, and how findings may guide care.

Autism Genetic Testing: Chromosomal Microarray, Exome Sequencing, and Results

Learn how Becker muscular dystrophy genetic testing detects DMD deletions, duplications, and sequence variants, and what results mean for weakness, heart care, and family risk.

Becker Muscular Dystrophy Genetic Test: DMD Gene, Muscle Weakness, and Results

Understand how C9orf72 repeat expansion testing relates to ALS and frontotemporal dementia, how results are classified, and what they mean for family risk.

C9orf72 Genetic Test: ALS, Frontotemporal Dementia, and Results

Learn how Charcot-Marie-Tooth genetic testing evaluates PMP22, GJB1, MFN2, MPZ, copy-number changes, inheritance, and positive, negative, or uncertain results.

Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease Genetic Test: PMP22, GJB1, MFN2, MPZ, and Results

Understand congenital myasthenic syndrome genetic panels, neuromuscular junction genes, result categories, inheritance, and why the exact subtype can change treatment.

Congenital Myasthenic Syndrome Genetic Test: Neuromuscular Junction Genes and Results

Understand CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 antidepressant pharmacogenetic results, metabolizer phenotypes, drug interactions, dosing implications, and test limitations.

CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 Psychiatric Medication Pharmacogenetic Test: Antidepressant Results

Learn how developmental delay genetic testing uses microarray, exome, genome, Fragile X, and targeted tests, and how to interpret positive, negative, and uncertain results.

Developmental Delay Genetic Test: DNA Variants, Diagnosis, and Results

Understand SCN1A genetic testing for Dravet syndrome, including who should be tested, variant results, treatment implications, inheritance, mosaicism, and negative tests.

Dravet Syndrome Genetic Test: SCN1A Gene Mutations and Results

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