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Understand the 1-mg low-dose dexamethasone suppression test, the common cortisol cutoff of 1.8 mcg/dL, causes of nonsuppression, and the follow-up used for Cushing screening.

Low-Dose Dexamethasone Suppression Test: Cushing Syndrome Screening and Results

Learn how an 8–9 a.m. cortisol test screens for adrenal insufficiency, what low and intermediate results mean, how ACTH helps identify the cause, and when stimulation testing is needed.

Morning Cortisol Test: Low Levels, Adrenal Insufficiency, and Results

Learn how a pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma panel uses plasma or urine metanephrines, normetanephrine, catecholamines, and controlled collection to interpret abnormal results.

Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma Test Panel: Metanephrines, Normetanephrine, Catecholamines, and Results

Learn what plasma epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine results mean, why collection posture matters, common causes of high values, and when metanephrine testing is preferred.

Plasma Catecholamines Test: Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Dopamine, and Results

Learn how plasma free metanephrine and normetanephrine testing screens for pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma, why supine rest matters, and how high or borderline results are evaluated.

Plasma Free Metanephrines Test: Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma Screening, High Levels, and Results

Learn what a high plasma normetanephrine result means, why supine rest matters, common false-positive causes, when clonidine testing is used, and how PPGL evaluation proceeds.

Plasma Normetanephrine Test: High Levels, Pheochromocytoma Screening, and Results

Diagnostics

Home Diagnostics Page 47

Learn how PT, aPTT, and INR differ, what each clotting test measures, common abnormal patterns, typical ranges, medication effects, and when results need follow-up.

PT vs aPTT vs INR: What Is the Difference?

Learn how to interpret PT, INR, and aPTT patterns, including high INR, prolonged aPTT, warfarin and heparin effects, liver disease, vitamin K deficiency, and when follow-up matters.

PT, INR, and aPTT: Interpreting the Coagulation Panel Without Overdoing It

Learn what the reptilase time test measures, why results become high, how it differs from thrombin time, and how it helps separate heparin effect from fibrinogen disorders.

Reptilase Time Test: High Reptilase Time, Fibrinogen Disorders, Heparin Effect, and...

Learn the thrombin time test normal range, what high or low results mean, and how fibrinogen problems, heparin, liver disease, DIC, and related clotting tests affect interpretation.

Thrombin Time Test Normal Range: Reference Values and Meaning

Learn what a thromboelastography (TEG) test measures, how R time, K time, alpha angle, MA, and LY30 are interpreted, and what abnormal clot strength or clot breakdown results mean.

Thromboelastography (TEG) Test: Clot Strength, Bleeding Risk, Clotting Function, and Results

Learn what a von Willebrand disease panel measures, how vWF antigen, vWF activity, and factor VIII results are interpreted, and what low, borderline, or abnormal patterns mean for bleeding risk.

von Willebrand Disease Panel: vWF Antigen, vWF Activity, Factor VIII, Bleeding...

Learn what the von Willebrand factor activity test measures, what low vWF activity means, common normal ranges, bleeding risks, VWD patterns, causes, and follow-up tests.

von Willebrand Factor (vWF) Activity Test: Low vWF Activity, Bleeding Risk,...

Learn the vWF antigen test normal range, what low and high von Willebrand factor antigen results mean, and how doctors interpret vWF with activity, factor VIII, bleeding symptoms, and repeat testing.

von Willebrand Factor (vWF) Antigen Test Normal Range: Reference Values and...

Learn how aldolase and CK blood tests help interpret muscle enzyme results, including high CK, high aldolase with normal CK, rhabdomyolysis risk, and follow-up testing.

Aldolase and CK: Interpreting Muscle Enzyme Results

Learn what an aldolase blood test measures, what high aldolase means, normal range differences, muscle disease links, CK comparison, and follow-up testing.

Aldolase Blood Test: High Aldolase, Muscle Disease, Normal Range, and Results

Learn what the AST blood test measures, what high AST means, how muscle injury and heart injury affect AST, and which follow-up tests help explain abnormal results.

Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) Test: High AST, Muscle Injury, Heart Injury, and...

Understand BNP and NT-proBNP blood tests, including heart failure cutoffs, causes of high results, false reassurance, kidney and rhythm effects, and when urgent care is needed.

BNP and NT-proBNP: Interpreting Heart Failure Markers Without Overdoing It

BNP vs NT-proBNP explained: learn how these heart failure blood tests differ, common cutoffs, causes of high results, and when follow-up matters.

BNP vs NT-proBNP: What Is the Difference?

Learn what a BNP blood test measures, what high BNP means, normal and gray-zone ranges, how BNP helps evaluate heart failure, and what follow-up tests often come next.

B-Type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) Test: High BNP, Heart Failure, Normal Range,...

Learn how a cardiac biomarker panel uses troponin, CK-MB, BNP, myoglobin, and timing patterns to evaluate heart injury, heart failure, and abnormal results.

Cardiac Biomarker Panel Test: Troponin, CK-MB, BNP, Myoglobin, and Heart Injury...

Learn the difference between a cardiac enzyme panel and a cardiac biomarker panel, including troponin, CK-MB, BNP, myoglobin, timing, abnormal results, and modern heart testing.

Cardiac Enzyme Panel vs Cardiac Biomarker Panel: What Is the Difference?

Learn what a cardiac enzyme test panel measures, how troponin, CK-MB, and myoglobin relate to heart attack diagnosis, and what high or normal results mean.

Cardiac Enzyme Test Panel: Troponin, CK-MB, Myoglobin, Heart Attack, and Results

Learn how CK and myoglobin help detect muscle injury, rhabdomyolysis risk, kidney danger, result timing, common causes, and when urgent care is needed.

CK and Myoglobin: Interpreting Muscle Injury and Rhabdomyolysis Risk

Learn how CK, AST, and LDH patterns help distinguish muscle injury, rhabdomyolysis, liver damage, hemolysis, and nonspecific tissue injury.

CK, AST, and LDH: Interpreting Muscle vs Liver Injury Patterns

Learn how CK-MB and troponin patterns are interpreted, including timing, high results, heart attack clues, false elevations, and when urgent care is needed.

CK-MB and Troponin: Interpreting Cardiac Enzyme Patterns

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