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Learn how HLA-DR and CD38 flow cytometry measures activated T cells, what high results may mean, why ranges vary, and how clinicians plan follow-up.

Activated T-Cell Marker Test: HLA-DR, CD38, Immune Activation, and Inflammation

Understand how CD19 and CD20 B-cell counts are measured, why results may be high or low, how anti-CD20 therapy affects them, and which follow-up tests assess antibody function.

B-Cell Count Test: CD19, CD20, Immune Function, and Antibody Production

Learn what a CD4 count measures, how HIV affects helper T cells, what common ranges and thresholds mean, why results fluctuate, and how the test guides monitoring and infection prevention.

CD4 Count Test: Helper T Cells, Immune Function, HIV Monitoring, and Meaning

Learn how the CD4/CD8 ratio is calculated, what low or high results may mean, why an inverted ratio is nonspecific, and how the test adds context in HIV and immune monitoring.

CD4/CD8 Ratio Test: Immune Balance, High and Low Ratio, and Meaning

Learn what a CD8 count measures, why cytotoxic T-cell numbers may rise or fall, how viral infections affect results, and why cell quantity does not equal antiviral function.

CD8 Count Test: Cytotoxic T Cells, Immune Function, and Viral Response

Understand what a chemokine panel measures, why immune-signaling and cell-migration markers rise or fall, and how specialists interpret patterns and limitations.

Chemokine Panel Test: Immune Signaling, Inflammation, and Cell Migration Markers

Diagnostics

Home Diagnostics Page 47

Learn what an electrolyte panel measures, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and CO2, with normal ranges, causes of high and low results, and when follow-up or urgent care may be needed.

Electrolyte Panel Test: Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, CO2, Normal Ranges, and Results

Learn what the eGFR test measures, how to understand kidney function results, CKD stages, low eGFR causes, follow-up tests, and when abnormal results need medical care.

Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) Test: Kidney Function, CKD Stages, Low...

High aldosterone blood test meaning, causes, renin patterns, high blood pressure, low potassium, primary aldosteronism, follow-up testing, and treatment options.

High Aldosterone Blood Test: Causes, High Blood Pressure, Low Potassium, and...

Learn what a high anion gap blood test means, including metabolic acidosis, kidney disease, ketoacidosis, lactic acidosis, causes, symptoms, follow-up tests, and urgent warning signs.

High Anion Gap Blood Test: Causes, Metabolic Acidosis, Kidney Disease, and...

High bicarbonate or high CO2 on a blood test can signal metabolic alkalosis, vomiting, diuretics, dehydration, low potassium, aldosterone excess, or chronic CO2 retention. Learn what the result means and what follow-up tests may show.

High Bicarbonate Blood Test: Causes, Metabolic Alkalosis, CO2, and Meaning

Understand high BUN blood test results, including dehydration, kidney function, BUN/creatinine ratio, common causes, symptoms, and follow-up tests.

High Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) Test: Causes, Kidney Function, Dehydration, and...

Learn what a high BUN/creatinine ratio means, including common causes such as dehydration, low kidney blood flow, kidney disease, high protein intake, and GI bleeding.

High BUN/Creatinine Ratio Test: Causes, Dehydration, Kidney Disease, and Meaning

Learn what a high CO2 blood test means, including high bicarbonate, metabolic alkalosis, chronic CO2 retention, common causes, symptoms, and follow-up tests.

High Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Blood Test: Causes, Bicarbonate, Acid-Base Balance, and...

Learn what a high chloride blood test means, including common causes such as dehydration, metabolic acidosis, kidney problems, diarrhea, medications, and IV saline.

High Chloride Blood Test: Causes, Dehydration, Acidosis, and Meaning

Learn what a high creatinine blood test means, including kidney function, eGFR, common causes, warning signs, follow-up tests, and ways to protect kidney health.

High Creatinine Blood Test: Causes, Kidney Function, eGFR, and Meaning

Learn what a high ionized calcium test means, including ranges, causes, symptoms, hypercalcemia risks, kidney effects, follow-up tests, and when to seek care.

High Ionized Calcium Test: Causes, Symptoms, Hypercalcemia, and Meaning

Learn what a high PTH blood test means, including causes with high, normal, or low calcium, kidney disease links, follow-up tests, symptoms, and treatment options.

High Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Blood Test: Causes, Calcium, Kidney Disease, and...

High potassium blood test explained: causes of hyperkalemia, symptoms, heart rhythm risks, kidney disease links, severity ranges, treatment options, and next steps.

High Potassium Blood Test: Causes, Symptoms, Heart Rhythm, and Kidney Risk

High renin blood test meaning, causes, aldosterone patterns, blood pressure links, kidney hormone signals, preparation tips, and follow-up testing explained clearly.

High Renin Blood Test: Causes, Blood Pressure, Kidney Hormones, and Meaning

Understand high serum osmolality, including normal ranges, dehydration, high sodium, diabetes-related hyperosmolar states, osmolal gap causes, urgent symptoms, and follow-up testing.

High Serum Osmolality Test: Causes, Dehydration, Sodium Balance, and Meaning

High sodium blood test results may mean hypernatremia, often from dehydration, water loss, diabetes insipidus, kidney problems, or sodium overload. Learn symptoms, causes, ranges, and when urgent care is needed.

High Sodium Blood Test: Causes, Symptoms, Hypernatremia, and Meaning

Learn what a high urea blood test means, including BUN conversion, kidney function, dehydration, BUN/creatinine ratio, common causes, symptoms, and follow-up tests.

High Urea Blood Test: Causes, Kidney Function, Dehydration, and Meaning

Learn what a high uric acid blood test means, including common causes, gout risk, kidney stone links, follow-up tests, treatment targets, and when urgent care matters.

High Uric Acid Blood Test: Causes, Gout, Kidney Stones, and Meaning

Learn the ionized calcium normal range, what low and high results mean, why pH and albumin matter, and which follow-up tests help explain abnormal calcium levels.

Ionized Calcium Test Normal Range: Reference Values and Meaning

Learn what a kidney function blood test panel measures, including eGFR, creatinine, BUN, sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, common ranges, abnormal results, follow-up tests, and urgent warning signs.

Kidney Function Blood Test Panel: eGFR, Creatinine, BUN, Electrolytes, and Results

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