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Understand the 1-mg low-dose dexamethasone suppression test, the common cortisol cutoff of 1.8 mcg/dL, causes of nonsuppression, and the follow-up used for Cushing screening.

Low-Dose Dexamethasone Suppression Test: Cushing Syndrome Screening and Results

Learn how an 8–9 a.m. cortisol test screens for adrenal insufficiency, what low and intermediate results mean, how ACTH helps identify the cause, and when stimulation testing is needed.

Morning Cortisol Test: Low Levels, Adrenal Insufficiency, and Results

Learn how a pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma panel uses plasma or urine metanephrines, normetanephrine, catecholamines, and controlled collection to interpret abnormal results.

Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma Test Panel: Metanephrines, Normetanephrine, Catecholamines, and Results

Learn what plasma epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine results mean, why collection posture matters, common causes of high values, and when metanephrine testing is preferred.

Plasma Catecholamines Test: Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Dopamine, and Results

Learn how plasma free metanephrine and normetanephrine testing screens for pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma, why supine rest matters, and how high or borderline results are evaluated.

Plasma Free Metanephrines Test: Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma Screening, High Levels, and Results

Learn what a high plasma normetanephrine result means, why supine rest matters, common false-positive causes, when clonidine testing is used, and how PPGL evaluation proceeds.

Plasma Normetanephrine Test: High Levels, Pheochromocytoma Screening, and Results

Diagnostics

Home Diagnostics Page 30

Learn the normal BUN/creatinine ratio range, what high and low ratios mean, common causes, and how to read results with BUN, creatinine, and eGFR.

BUN/Creatinine Ratio Normal Range: Reference Values and Meaning

Learn how calcium, phosphorus, and PTH work together in kidney-mineral balance, including common lab patterns, CKD-related changes, follow-up tests, and when abnormal results need prompt care.

Calcium, Phosphorus, and PTH: Interpreting Kidney-Mineral Balance

Learn the normal CO2 blood test range, what high or low carbon dioxide means, how bicarbonate relates to kidney and lung function, and when follow-up matters.

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Blood Test Normal Range: Reference Values and Meaning

Learn the normal chloride blood test range, what high and low chloride mean, and how chloride is interpreted with sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, kidney markers, and the anion gap.

Chloride Blood Test Normal Range: Reference Values and Meaning

Understand creatinine and eGFR results, common causes of abnormal kidney function labs, when to repeat testing, and when low eGFR or high creatinine needs medical follow-up.

Creatinine and eGFR: Interpreting Kidney Function Without Panicking

Learn the normal creatinine blood test range, what high and low creatinine can mean, how eGFR changes interpretation, and when kidney follow-up is needed.

Creatinine Blood Test Normal Range: Reference Values and Meaning

Learn what a creatinine clearance test measures, normal ranges, how 24-hour urine collection works, and what low or abnormal kidney filtration results may mean.

Creatinine Clearance Test: Kidney Filtration Rate, Normal Range, Low Clearance, and...

Creatinine vs eGFR explained clearly: learn which kidney marker matters more, when creatinine is misleading, how eGFR stages kidney function, and what follow-up tests help.

Creatinine vs eGFR: Which Kidney Marker Matters More?

Learn why cystatin C and creatinine eGFR results can disagree, what each pattern may mean, and when combined eGFR, urine albumin, repeat testing, or medical follow-up can clarify kidney function.

Cystatin C and Creatinine: Interpreting eGFR When Results Disagree

Learn what the cystatin C blood test measures, what high cystatin C means, how cystatin C eGFR compares with creatinine, and when kidney follow-up matters.

Cystatin C Blood Test: High Cystatin C, eGFR, Normal Range, and...

Learn what an electrolyte panel measures, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and CO2, with normal ranges, causes of high and low results, and when follow-up or urgent care may be needed.

Electrolyte Panel Test: Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, CO2, Normal Ranges, and Results

Learn what the eGFR test measures, how to understand kidney function results, CKD stages, low eGFR causes, follow-up tests, and when abnormal results need medical care.

Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) Test: Kidney Function, CKD Stages, Low...

High aldosterone blood test meaning, causes, renin patterns, high blood pressure, low potassium, primary aldosteronism, follow-up testing, and treatment options.

High Aldosterone Blood Test: Causes, High Blood Pressure, Low Potassium, and...

Learn what a high anion gap blood test means, including metabolic acidosis, kidney disease, ketoacidosis, lactic acidosis, causes, symptoms, follow-up tests, and urgent warning signs.

High Anion Gap Blood Test: Causes, Metabolic Acidosis, Kidney Disease, and...

High bicarbonate or high CO2 on a blood test can signal metabolic alkalosis, vomiting, diuretics, dehydration, low potassium, aldosterone excess, or chronic CO2 retention. Learn what the result means and what follow-up tests may show.

High Bicarbonate Blood Test: Causes, Metabolic Alkalosis, CO2, and Meaning

Understand high BUN blood test results, including dehydration, kidney function, BUN/creatinine ratio, common causes, symptoms, and follow-up tests.

High Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) Test: Causes, Kidney Function, Dehydration, and...

Learn what a high BUN/creatinine ratio means, including common causes such as dehydration, low kidney blood flow, kidney disease, high protein intake, and GI bleeding.

High BUN/Creatinine Ratio Test: Causes, Dehydration, Kidney Disease, and Meaning

Learn what a high CO2 blood test means, including high bicarbonate, metabolic alkalosis, chronic CO2 retention, common causes, symptoms, and follow-up tests.

High Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Blood Test: Causes, Bicarbonate, Acid-Base Balance, and...

Learn what a high chloride blood test means, including common causes such as dehydration, metabolic acidosis, kidney problems, diarrhea, medications, and IV saline.

High Chloride Blood Test: Causes, Dehydration, Acidosis, and Meaning

Learn what a high creatinine blood test means, including kidney function, eGFR, common causes, warning signs, follow-up tests, and ways to protect kidney health.

High Creatinine Blood Test: Causes, Kidney Function, eGFR, and Meaning

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