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Understand the 1-mg low-dose dexamethasone suppression test, the common cortisol cutoff of 1.8 mcg/dL, causes of nonsuppression, and the follow-up used for Cushing screening.

Low-Dose Dexamethasone Suppression Test: Cushing Syndrome Screening and Results

Learn how an 8–9 a.m. cortisol test screens for adrenal insufficiency, what low and intermediate results mean, how ACTH helps identify the cause, and when stimulation testing is needed.

Morning Cortisol Test: Low Levels, Adrenal Insufficiency, and Results

Learn how a pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma panel uses plasma or urine metanephrines, normetanephrine, catecholamines, and controlled collection to interpret abnormal results.

Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma Test Panel: Metanephrines, Normetanephrine, Catecholamines, and Results

Learn what plasma epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine results mean, why collection posture matters, common causes of high values, and when metanephrine testing is preferred.

Plasma Catecholamines Test: Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Dopamine, and Results

Learn how plasma free metanephrine and normetanephrine testing screens for pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma, why supine rest matters, and how high or borderline results are evaluated.

Plasma Free Metanephrines Test: Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma Screening, High Levels, and Results

Learn what a high plasma normetanephrine result means, why supine rest matters, common false-positive causes, when clonidine testing is used, and how PPGL evaluation proceeds.

Plasma Normetanephrine Test: High Levels, Pheochromocytoma Screening, and Results

Diagnostics

Home Diagnostics Page 31

Learn what a high ionized calcium test means, including ranges, causes, symptoms, hypercalcemia risks, kidney effects, follow-up tests, and when to seek care.

High Ionized Calcium Test: Causes, Symptoms, Hypercalcemia, and Meaning

Learn what a high PTH blood test means, including causes with high, normal, or low calcium, kidney disease links, follow-up tests, symptoms, and treatment options.

High Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Blood Test: Causes, Calcium, Kidney Disease, and...

High potassium blood test explained: causes of hyperkalemia, symptoms, heart rhythm risks, kidney disease links, severity ranges, treatment options, and next steps.

High Potassium Blood Test: Causes, Symptoms, Heart Rhythm, and Kidney Risk

High renin blood test meaning, causes, aldosterone patterns, blood pressure links, kidney hormone signals, preparation tips, and follow-up testing explained clearly.

High Renin Blood Test: Causes, Blood Pressure, Kidney Hormones, and Meaning

Understand high serum osmolality, including normal ranges, dehydration, high sodium, diabetes-related hyperosmolar states, osmolal gap causes, urgent symptoms, and follow-up testing.

High Serum Osmolality Test: Causes, Dehydration, Sodium Balance, and Meaning

High sodium blood test results may mean hypernatremia, often from dehydration, water loss, diabetes insipidus, kidney problems, or sodium overload. Learn symptoms, causes, ranges, and when urgent care is needed.

High Sodium Blood Test: Causes, Symptoms, Hypernatremia, and Meaning

Learn what a high urea blood test means, including BUN conversion, kidney function, dehydration, BUN/creatinine ratio, common causes, symptoms, and follow-up tests.

High Urea Blood Test: Causes, Kidney Function, Dehydration, and Meaning

Learn what a high uric acid blood test means, including common causes, gout risk, kidney stone links, follow-up tests, treatment targets, and when urgent care matters.

High Uric Acid Blood Test: Causes, Gout, Kidney Stones, and Meaning

Learn the ionized calcium normal range, what low and high results mean, why pH and albumin matter, and which follow-up tests help explain abnormal calcium levels.

Ionized Calcium Test Normal Range: Reference Values and Meaning

Learn what a kidney function blood test panel measures, including eGFR, creatinine, BUN, sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, common ranges, abnormal results, follow-up tests, and urgent warning signs.

Kidney Function Blood Test Panel: eGFR, Creatinine, BUN, Electrolytes, and Results

A kidney function panel focuses on kidney markers, electrolytes, phosphorus, and albumin, while a CMP adds liver enzymes, bilirubin, total protein, glucose, and broader metabolic screening.

Kidney Function Panel vs CMP: What Is the Difference?

Learn what the KIM-1 test measures, why kidney injury molecule-1 rises with tubular kidney damage, how results are interpreted, and when follow-up matters.

Kidney Injury Molecule-1 (KIM-1) Test: Kidney Damage Marker, Acute Kidney Injury,...

Learn what a low aldosterone blood test means, including links to low blood pressure, high potassium, low sodium, adrenal insufficiency, kidney disease, medications, renin, and follow-up testing.

Low Aldosterone Blood Test: Causes, Low Blood Pressure, Potassium, and Meaning

Learn what a low anion gap blood test means, including common causes such as low albumin, lab error, lithium, chloride interference, and abnormal proteins.

Low Anion Gap Blood Test: Causes, Albumin, Lab Error, and Meaning

Learn what a low bicarbonate blood test means, including metabolic acidosis, kidney disease, anion gap patterns, symptoms, urgent warning signs, and follow-up testing.

Low Bicarbonate Blood Test: Causes, Metabolic Acidosis, Kidney Disease, and Meaning

Learn what a low BUN blood test means, including common causes such as low protein intake, liver disease, malnutrition, overhydration, pregnancy, and abnormal related labs.

Low Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) Test: Causes, Liver Disease, Low Protein,...

Learn what a low BUN/creatinine ratio means, common causes, links to liver disease and nutrition, associated symptoms, related blood tests, and when further evaluation may be needed.

Low BUN/Creatinine Ratio Test: Causes, Liver Disease, Nutrition, and Meaning

Learn what a low carbon dioxide (CO2) blood test means, common causes of low bicarbonate, metabolic acidosis, kidney disease, symptoms, related tests, and treatment considerations.

Low Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Blood Test: Causes, Acid-Base Balance, and Meaning

Learn what a low chloride blood test means, common causes of hypochloremia, symptoms, electrolyte imbalances, related lab tests, treatment options, and when low chloride levels may require medical attention.

Low Chloride Blood Test: Causes, Electrolyte Imbalance, and Meaning

Learn what a low creatinine blood test means, including common causes such as low muscle mass, pregnancy, malnutrition, liver disease, and how low creatinine can affect eGFR.

Low Creatinine Blood Test: Causes, Low Muscle Mass, and Meaning

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