Evidence-Based Supplement & Herb Guides

How to Read Neuropsychological Test Results: What the Scores Mean

Learn how to read neuropsychological test results, understand percentiles and standard scores, and see what low, average, and impaired findings really mean in a full report.

Neuropsychological test results can feel overwhelming because they combine numbers, clinical language, comparisons with other people, and conclusions about thinking skills that affect real...

ImPACT Test: What It Measures in Concussion Assessment

Learn what the ImPACT test measures in concussion assessment, how baseline and post-injury scores are used, what the results mean, and why the test should never be used alone.

A concussion can affect thinking speed, memory, reaction time, symptoms, balance, vision, sleep, mood, and tolerance for school or work. Because those changes are...

Insomnia Screening: How Doctors Evaluate Chronic Sleep Problems

Learn how doctors screen chronic insomnia, which questionnaires and sleep diaries they use, when sleep studies are needed, and what happens after an insomnia evaluation.

Ongoing trouble sleeping can affect far more than nighttime comfort. It can change concentration, mood, memory, pain tolerance, energy, and safety during driving or...

IQ Testing vs Neuropsychological Testing: What Is the Difference?

Learn the real difference between IQ testing and neuropsychological testing, what each measures, when clinicians use them, and how to choose the right evaluation.

IQ testing and neuropsychological testing both measure aspects of thinking, but they are not the same kind of evaluation. An IQ test estimates general...

Iron and Ferritin Testing for Fatigue, Brain Fog, and Restless Legs

Learn what iron and ferritin tests can reveal about fatigue, brain fog, and restless legs, how to interpret common results, and when low ferritin may matter even without anemia.

Fatigue, mental sluggishness, poor concentration, and restless legs can have many causes, but low iron is one of the more practical ones to check...

Learning Disability Testing: How Dyslexia, Dysgraphia, and Dyscalculia Are Diagnosed

Learn how learning disability testing works for dyslexia, dysgraphia, and dyscalculia, including what evaluations measure, how diagnosis is made, and what happens after results.

Learning disability testing is not a single pass-or-fail exam. It is a structured evaluation that looks at how a person learns, where academic skills...

Lewy Body Dementia Testing: How It Is Diagnosed

Learn how Lewy body dementia is diagnosed, including symptom patterns, cognitive testing, MRI, sleep studies, biomarker tests, and how doctors distinguish it from Alzheimer’s and other conditions.

Lewy body dementia can be difficult to recognize because it often blends memory changes with movement symptoms, sleep problems, hallucinations, mood changes, and day-to-day...

Lumbar Puncture (Spinal Tap): When It Is Used in Brain and Cognitive Testing

Learn when a lumbar puncture is used in brain and cognitive testing, what spinal fluid can reveal, how the procedure works, and when a spinal tap helps diagnose memory loss, infection, inflammation, or dementia.

A lumbar puncture is a medical procedure that gives doctors access to cerebrospinal fluid, the clear fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord....

M-CHAT Autism Screening: What It Means and What Comes Next

Learn what an M-CHAT autism screening result really means, how scores are interpreted, what a positive screen does and does not show, and what usually happens next.

The M-CHAT is one of the most common tools used to screen toddlers for signs that may be consistent with autism spectrum disorder. It...

Medical Conditions That Can Mimic Anxiety and Depression

Learn which medical conditions can mimic anxiety and depression, what warning signs to watch for, and how doctors evaluate symptoms before making a diagnosis.

Anxiety and depression are real mental health conditions, but symptoms that look psychiatric are not always caused by a primary psychiatric disorder. Palpitations, fatigue,...

Memory Loss in Younger Adults: When Cognitive Testing Is Needed and What Comes Next

Learn when memory loss in younger adults may need cognitive testing, which causes doctors consider first, what the workup includes, and what happens after results come back.

Forgetting a name, missing an appointment, or walking into a room and losing your train of thought can happen at any age. In younger...

Memory Testing for Seniors: When to Get Checked

Learn when memory testing for seniors is worth scheduling, how to tell normal aging from cognitive decline, which tests doctors use, and what happens after the results.

Forgetting a name now and then, walking into a room and losing your train of thought, or needing a moment to recall a word...

Memory Tests for Dementia: How Cognitive Screening Works

Learn how memory tests for dementia work, which cognitive screening tools doctors use, how scores are interpreted, and what happens after an abnormal result.

Memory changes can be unsettling, especially when they begin to affect conversations, appointments, finances, cooking, driving, or medication routines. A memory test can be...

Mental Health Screening for Children, Teens, Adults, and Seniors

Learn how mental health screening differs for children, teens, adults, and seniors, which tools and concerns matter by age, and what a positive screening result really means.

Mental health screening is a structured way to notice emotional, behavioral, cognitive, or substance-related concerns early enough to take the next step. It is...

Mental Health Screening in Primary Care: What to Expect

Learn what mental health screening in primary care usually involves, which questionnaires are commonly used, how doctors interpret results, and what happens after a positive screen.

Mental health screening in primary care is a routine way for a doctor, nurse practitioner, physician assistant, or care team to check for common...

Mental Health Screening: What It Is, How It Works, and What Results Mean

Learn what mental health screening is, how common tools work, what scores really mean, and what usually happens after a positive or unclear result.

Mental health screening is a first-step check for symptoms that may need closer attention. It is usually brief, structured, and designed to identify concerns...

Mild Cognitive Impairment vs Normal Aging: How Doctors Tell the Difference

Learn how doctors distinguish mild cognitive impairment from normal aging, which symptoms matter most, what cognitive testing shows, and when the workup points to something more serious.

Forgetting a name, misplacing keys, or needing a moment to find the right word can happen at any age, and it becomes more common...

Mini-Cog Test: What It Screens For and Who Should Take It

Learn what the Mini-Cog test screens for, who should take it, how it works, what the results mean, and when a fuller memory evaluation is needed.

The Mini-Cog is a brief cognitive screening test often used when there is a concern about memory, thinking, or possible dementia. It is not...

MMSE Test: What It Measures and When It Is Used

Learn what the MMSE test measures, how its 30-point score is interpreted, when doctors use it, and where this common cognitive screening tool helps or falls short.

The MMSE is one of the best-known brief cognitive screening tools used in medical settings. It is often given when a clinician wants a...

MoCA Test: What It Measures and What the Score Means

Learn what the MoCA test measures, how it is scored, what different score ranges can suggest, and why a low MoCA result should always be interpreted in full clinical context.

The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, commonly called the MoCA, is a brief cognitive screening test used when there is a concern about memory, thinking speed,...