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Learn how HLA-DR and CD38 flow cytometry measures activated T cells, what high results may mean, why ranges vary, and how clinicians plan follow-up.

Activated T-Cell Marker Test: HLA-DR, CD38, Immune Activation, and Inflammation

Understand how CD19 and CD20 B-cell counts are measured, why results may be high or low, how anti-CD20 therapy affects them, and which follow-up tests assess antibody function.

B-Cell Count Test: CD19, CD20, Immune Function, and Antibody Production

Learn what a CD4 count measures, how HIV affects helper T cells, what common ranges and thresholds mean, why results fluctuate, and how the test guides monitoring and infection prevention.

CD4 Count Test: Helper T Cells, Immune Function, HIV Monitoring, and Meaning

Learn how the CD4/CD8 ratio is calculated, what low or high results may mean, why an inverted ratio is nonspecific, and how the test adds context in HIV and immune monitoring.

CD4/CD8 Ratio Test: Immune Balance, High and Low Ratio, and Meaning

Learn what a CD8 count measures, why cytotoxic T-cell numbers may rise or fall, how viral infections affect results, and why cell quantity does not equal antiviral function.

CD8 Count Test: Cytotoxic T Cells, Immune Function, and Viral Response

Understand what a chemokine panel measures, why immune-signaling and cell-migration markers rise or fall, and how specialists interpret patterns and limitations.

Chemokine Panel Test: Immune Signaling, Inflammation, and Cell Migration Markers

Diagnostics

Home Diagnostics Page 61

Understand the FDP blood test, high FDP causes, DIC patterns, clot breakdown, normal ranges, FDP vs D-dimer, follow-up testing, and urgent warning signs.

Fibrin Degradation Products (FDP) Test: High FDP, DIC, Blood Clot Breakdown,...

Learn how fibrinogen and FDP patterns help identify DIC, including low fibrinogen, high FDP, platelet changes, PT/aPTT results, causes, and urgent warning signs.

Fibrinogen and FDP: Interpreting DIC Blood Test Patterns

Learn the normal fibrinogen blood test range, what high and low fibrinogen levels mean, and how doctors interpret results with PT, INR, aPTT, platelets, and D-dimer.

Fibrinogen Blood Test Normal Range: Reference Values and Meaning

High aPTT means blood is taking longer than expected to clot. Learn common causes, bleeding risk, lupus anticoagulant, heparin effect, mixing studies, and follow-up tests.

High Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT) Test: Causes, Bleeding Risk, and...

Learn what a high anti-Xa test result means, including heparin and enoxaparin ranges, common causes, sample timing errors, bleeding risk, and dose follow-up.

High Anti-Xa Test Result: Causes, Heparin Dose, Bleeding Risk, and Meaning

High D-dimer with normal results can mean recent clot breakdown, inflammation, age, infection, surgery, pregnancy, or other causes. Learn when it needs urgent follow-up.

High D-Dimer With Normal Results: What This Blood Test Pattern Can...

Learn what high factor II activity means, including normal ranges, causes, prothrombin mutation links, clotting risk, related tests, and when to seek urgent care.

High Factor II (Prothrombin) Activity Test: Causes, Clotting Risk, and Meaning

Learn what high factor IX activity means, how it relates to clotting risk, common causes, when symptoms need urgent care, and how doctors interpret results with other coagulation tests.

High Factor IX Activity Test: Causes, Clotting Risk, and Meaning

Learn what a high factor V activity test means, how it differs from factor V Leiden, possible causes, clotting risk, follow-up tests, and when to seek care.

High Factor V Activity Test: Causes, Clotting Risk, and Meaning

Learn what a high factor VII activity test means, including common causes, clotting risk, normal ranges, follow-up tests, and when urgent care is needed.

High Factor VII Activity Test: Causes, Clotting Risk, and Meaning

Learn what a high factor VIII activity test means, including common causes, inflammation links, von Willebrand factor, clot risk, repeat testing, and follow-up steps.

High Factor VIII Activity Test: Causes, Clot Risk, Inflammation, and Meaning

High factor X activity can suggest increased clotting protein activity, but it is not a diagnosis by itself. Learn what high factor X means, common causes, clotting risk, related tests, and when follow-up or urgent care is needed.

High Factor X Activity Test: Causes, Clotting Risk, and Meaning

High factor XI activity may signal higher clotting risk, especially when persistent. Learn common causes, normal ranges, follow-up tests, and when symptoms need urgent care.

High Factor XI Activity Test: Causes, Clotting Risk, and Meaning

Understand what a high factor XII activity test means, including reference ranges, causes, clotting test patterns, thrombosis context, follow-up tests, and when urgent care matters.

High Factor XII Activity Test: Causes, Clotting Results, and Meaning

Learn what a high fibrinogen blood test means, including common causes, inflammation links, clotting and heart risk, urgent symptoms, test accuracy, and follow-up tests.

High Fibrinogen Blood Test: Causes, Inflammation, Clotting Risk, and Meaning

Learn what a high INR blood test means, including warfarin targets, bleeding risk, common causes, urgent symptoms, follow-up tests, and treatment options.

High International Normalized Ratio (INR) Blood Test: Causes, Warfarin, Bleeding Risk,...

Learn what a high PTT blood test means, including common causes, bleeding risk, heparin effects, lupus anticoagulant, factor deficiencies, follow-up tests, and when urgent care is needed.

High Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT) Test: Causes, Bleeding Risk, and Meaning

Learn what a high prothrombin time test means, how PT relates to INR, common causes such as warfarin, vitamin K deficiency and liver disease, and when bleeding risk needs urgent care.

High Prothrombin Time (PT) Test: Causes, INR, Bleeding Risk, and Meaning

High thrombin time can reflect heparin, thrombin inhibitors, low fibrinogen, dysfibrinogenemia, DIC, liver disease, or fibrin breakdown products. earn what the result means and which follow-up tests help find the cause.

High Thrombin Time Test: Causes, Fibrinogen Problems, and Meaning

High vWF antigen means increased von Willebrand factor protein, often from inflammation, endothelial activation, pregnancy, estrogen, aging, or clot risk. Learn causes, related tests, and when follow-up matters.

High von Willebrand Factor (vWF) Antigen Test: Causes, Inflammation, Clot Risk,...

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