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Learn how lung cancer MRD ctDNA testing detects molecular residual disease, what positive and negative results mean, how it can precede recurrence on scans, and why treatment decisions still require clinical context.

Minimal Residual Disease ctDNA Test for Lung Cancer: Recurrence Monitoring, MRD, and Tumor DNA

Learn what MSI testing means in lung cancer, how MSI-H, MSS, dMMR, and pMMR results differ, how NGS, PCR, and IHC are used, and why this rare biomarker can matter for immunotherapy and hereditary evaluation.

MSI Test for Lung Cancer: Microsatellite Instability, Mismatch Repair, and Result Meaning

Learn how Napsin A IHC supports lung adenocarcinoma diagnosis, what positive granular cytoplasmic staining means, why negative results do not exclude lung cancer, and when other tumor origins must be considered.

Napsin A IHC Test for Lung Cancer: Adenocarcinoma Marker, Tumor Origin, and Positive...

Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Biomarker Test: Driver Mutations, PD-L1, and Molecular Profile

Learn what an NSE blood test means in small cell lung cancer, why levels can be high, how hemolysis causes false elevations, and how serial NSE trends may support treatment and recurrence monitoring.

NSE Test for Lung Cancer: Small Cell Lung Cancer Marker, High Levels, and...

Understand NTRK fusion testing in lung cancer, including tumor-agnostic meaning, RNA NGS, pan-TRK IHC, positive results, negative-result limits, and next steps.

NTRK Fusion Test for Lung Cancer: Gene Fusion, Tumor-Agnostic Marker, and Molecular Meaning

Diagnostics

Home Diagnostics Page 11

Oncotype DX measures 21 tumor genes to produce a Breast Recurrence Score from 0 to 100; learn how node status, age, menopause, and pathology shape recurrence risk and chemotherapy decisions.

Oncotype DX Breast Recurrence Score Test: Recurrence Risk, Genomic Score, and...

PALB2 testing can reveal inherited DNA-repair variants linked to breast and family cancer risk; learn what positive, negative, and uncertain results mean and how they affect screening.

PALB2 Test for Breast Cancer: Cancer Risk, DNA Repair, Variant Meaning,...

PD-L1 testing in breast cancer uses tumor-tissue immunohistochemistry and CPS scoring; learn why CPS 10 matters in metastatic TNBC and why early-stage treatment is different.

PD-L1 Test for Breast Cancer: Immunotherapy Marker, CPS Score, and Expression...

PIK3CA testing detects PI3K-pathway mutations in breast cancer; learn how tissue and ctDNA results are interpreted and how positive findings can guide targeted therapy.

PIK3CA Mutation Test for Breast Cancer: Mutation Status, PI3K Pathway, and...

The progesterone receptor test measures PR nuclear staining in breast cancer; learn the 1% positive threshold, how PR is interpreted with ER, and what low or negative results mean.

Progesterone Receptor (PR) Test: Breast Cancer Hormone Receptor Status, Positive Score,...

Prosigna PAM50 measures breast tumor gene expression to report molecular subtype and a 0–100 Risk of Recurrence score; learn how nodal status and menopause shape interpretation.

Prosigna PAM50 Test: Breast Cancer Subtype, Recurrence Risk, and Molecular Classification

Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Biomarker Test: ER, PR, HER2, PD-L1, BRCA, and...

Learn how the 4Kscore combines four PSA-related kallikrein markers with clinical factors to estimate significant prostate cancer risk and guide MRI or biopsy decisions.

4Kscore Test: PSA Markers, Prostate Cancer Risk Score, and Result Meaning

Understand what a 5-HIAA blood test measures, what high levels can mean in carcinoid syndrome and neuroendocrine tumors, and how blood results compare with 24-hour urine testing.

5-HIAA Blood Test: Carcinoid Syndrome, Serotonin Metabolism, Neuroendocrine Tumors, and Meaning

Learn what an AFP blood test measures, why AFP rises in liver disease, hepatocellular carcinoma, and germ cell tumors, and how normal ranges and trends guide follow-up.

Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP) Blood Test: High Levels, Liver Disease, Liver Cancer, and...

Learn how AMH is used as a tumor marker for granulosa cell tumors, why levels can rise, how trends are followed after treatment, and how AMH compares with inhibin B.

Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) Tumor Marker Test: Granulosa Cell Tumors, Tumor Activity,...

Learn how beta-2 microglobulin is used in myeloma, lymphoma, and leukemia, why kidney function raises B2M, and how staging thresholds and trends are interpreted.

Beta-2 Microglobulin Blood Test: Myeloma, Lymphoma, Leukemia, Kidney Function, and Prognosis

Learn how beta-hCG is used in testicular and ovarian germ cell tumors, what high levels can mean, and why pregnancy, false positives, and marker trends matter.

Beta-hCG Tumor Marker Test: Testicular Cancer, Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors, and...

Understand what AFP, CEA, CA-125, CA 19-9, and PSA blood tumor markers measure, their common reference limits, cancer uses, benign causes, and key limitations.

Blood Tumor Marker Test Panel: AFP, CEA, CA-125, CA 19-9, PSA,...

Learn how the calcitonin blood test is used for medullary thyroid cancer and C-cell disease, what high levels mean, benign causes, and how results guide follow-up.

Calcitonin Blood Test: Medullary Thyroid Cancer Marker, High Levels, and C-Cell...

Learn what the CA 15-3 blood test measures, common reference ranges, its role in metastatic breast cancer monitoring, recurrence limits, and benign causes of high results.

Cancer Antigen 15-3 (CA 15-3) Blood Test: Breast Cancer Monitoring, Recurrence,...

Learn what high CA 19-9 means, how pancreatic and bile duct cancers use this marker, why jaundice causes false elevations, and how Lewis status affects results.

Cancer Antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9) Blood Test: High Levels, Pancreatic Cancer,...

Learn what the CA 27.29 blood test measures, its common reference range, how it is used in breast cancer monitoring, recurrence limits, and reasons for high results.

Cancer Antigen 27.29 (CA 27.29) Blood Test: Breast Cancer Monitoring, Recurrence,...

Understand CA-125 blood test results, including normal ranges, high levels, benign causes, ovarian cancer monitoring, recurrence trends, and follow-up.

Cancer Antigen 125 (CA-125) Blood Test: High Levels, Ovarian Cancer Monitoring,...

Learn what a CEA blood test measures, typical reference ranges, benign causes of high CEA, and how serial CEA levels help monitor colorectal cancer and recurrence.

Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) Blood Test: High Levels, Colon Cancer Monitoring, and...

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