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Learn how lung cancer MRD ctDNA testing detects molecular residual disease, what positive and negative results mean, how it can precede recurrence on scans, and why treatment decisions still require clinical context.

Minimal Residual Disease ctDNA Test for Lung Cancer: Recurrence Monitoring, MRD, and Tumor DNA

Learn what MSI testing means in lung cancer, how MSI-H, MSS, dMMR, and pMMR results differ, how NGS, PCR, and IHC are used, and why this rare biomarker can matter for immunotherapy and hereditary evaluation.

MSI Test for Lung Cancer: Microsatellite Instability, Mismatch Repair, and Result Meaning

Learn how Napsin A IHC supports lung adenocarcinoma diagnosis, what positive granular cytoplasmic staining means, why negative results do not exclude lung cancer, and when other tumor origins must be considered.

Napsin A IHC Test for Lung Cancer: Adenocarcinoma Marker, Tumor Origin, and Positive...

Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Biomarker Test: Driver Mutations, PD-L1, and Molecular Profile

Learn what an NSE blood test means in small cell lung cancer, why levels can be high, how hemolysis causes false elevations, and how serial NSE trends may support treatment and recurrence monitoring.

NSE Test for Lung Cancer: Small Cell Lung Cancer Marker, High Levels, and...

Understand NTRK fusion testing in lung cancer, including tumor-agnostic meaning, RNA NGS, pan-TRK IHC, positive results, negative-result limits, and next steps.

NTRK Fusion Test for Lung Cancer: Gene Fusion, Tumor-Agnostic Marker, and Molecular Meaning

Diagnostics

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Learn what a germline TP53 mutation test means for Li-Fraumeni syndrome, including cancer risks, whole-body MRI surveillance, treatment considerations, and family testing.

TP53 Mutation Test Li-Fraumeni Syndrome, Tumor Suppressor Gene, Cancer Risk, and...

Understand a tumor mutational burden (TMB) result, including mut/Mb scoring, TMB-high meaning, the 10 mut/Mb cutoff, immunotherapy relevance, and important assay limitations.

Tumor Mutational Burden (TMB) Test Genomic Score, Mutation Load, and Immunotherapy...

BRCA1 and BRCA2 testing explained: who should test, what positive, negative, and VUS results mean, hereditary breast cancer risk, and family testing.

BRCA1 and BRCA2 Test for Breast Cancer: Hereditary Risk, Variant Meaning,...

Breast Cancer Biomarker Panel: ER, PR, HER2, Ki-67, Genomic Tests, and...

Breast cancer gene panel testing explained: BRCA1/2, PALB2, CHEK2, ATM, positive and VUS results, hereditary risk, screening, and family testing.

Breast Cancer Gene Panel Test: BRCA, PALB2, CHEK2, ATM, and Hereditary...

Breast Cancer Index explained: late distant-recurrence risk, BCI H/I High or Low results, extended hormone therapy benefit, limits, and next steps.

Breast Cancer Index Test: Late Recurrence Risk and Hormone Therapy Benefit...

CA 15-3 breast cancer testing explained: reference range, high and normal results, serial trends, metastatic monitoring, recurrence limits, and follow-up guidance.

CA 15-3 Test for Breast Cancer: Tumor Marker Levels, Monitoring, and...

CA 27.29 breast cancer testing explained: reference range, high and normal results, serial trends, metastatic monitoring, recurrence limits, and follow-up guidance.

CA 27.29 Test for Breast Cancer: Tumor Marker Levels, Monitoring, and...

Breast cancer ctDNA testing explained: MRD, recurrence risk, mutation detection, liquid biopsy, treatment selection, false negatives, and current monitoring guidance.

Circulating Tumor DNA Test for Breast Cancer: MRD, Recurrence, Mutation Detection,...

EndoPredict explained: EP and EPclin scores, the 3.3 cutoff, distant recurrence risk, genomic prognosis, chemotherapy decisions, and test limitations.

EndoPredict Test: Breast Cancer Recurrence Risk and Genomic Prognosis

ESR1 mutation testing explained: hormone resistance, ctDNA detection, positive and negative results, oral SERDs, recurrence limits, and 2026 treatment guidance.

ESR1 Mutation Test for Breast Cancer: Hormone Resistance Marker, Recurrence, and...

Learn how the estrogen receptor (ER) breast cancer test is scored, what ER-positive, ER-low, and ER-negative results mean, and how ER status guides treatment.

Estrogen Receptor (ER) Test: Breast Cancer Hormone Receptor Status, Positive Score,...

Understand HER2 breast cancer testing, including IHC scores, FISH amplification, positive and negative results, HER2-low, HER2-ultralow, and treatment meaning.

HER2 Breast Cancer Test: IHC, FISH, HER2 Score, Amplification, and HER2-Low...

Learn how the HER2 FISH test measures gene amplification, how HER2/CEP17 ratio and copy number define ISH groups, and what positive or negative results mean.

HER2 FISH Test for Breast Cancer: Gene Amplification, HER2 Status, and...

Learn how HER2 IHC scores 0, 1+, 2+, and 3+ are interpreted, what HER2-low and ultralow mean, when FISH is needed, and how results guide breast cancer therapy.

HER2 IHC Test for Breast Cancer: Protein Expression Score, HER2-Low, and...

Learn how HER2-low breast cancer is identified by IHC 1+ or IHC 2+/ISH-negative results, how scores are interpreted, and why HER2 expression can affect treatment.

HER2-Low Breast Cancer Test: IHC Score, HER2 Expression, and Tumor Classification

Hormone Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer Biomarker Panel: ER, PR, ESR1, PIK3CA, and...

Learn what a Ki-67 breast cancer score measures, how percentages relate to proliferation and tumor grade, which cutoffs are useful, and why results need clinical context.

Ki-67 Breast Cancer Test: Proliferation Score, Tumor Grade, and Prognosis Meaning

Learn how the MammaPrint 70-gene breast cancer test classifies genomic recurrence risk, what Low, High, and UltraLow results mean, and how it can inform chemotherapy decisions.

MammaPrint Test: Breast Cancer Recurrence Risk and Genomic Risk Score

Mammostrat was a five-protein breast cancer prognosis test that classified low, moderate, and high recurrence risk; learn how it worked, what old results mean, and why it is no longer used.

Mammostrat Test: Breast Cancer Prognosis and Risk Classification

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