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Learn how HLA-DR and CD38 flow cytometry measures activated T cells, what high results may mean, why ranges vary, and how clinicians plan follow-up.

Activated T-Cell Marker Test: HLA-DR, CD38, Immune Activation, and Inflammation

Understand how CD19 and CD20 B-cell counts are measured, why results may be high or low, how anti-CD20 therapy affects them, and which follow-up tests assess antibody function.

B-Cell Count Test: CD19, CD20, Immune Function, and Antibody Production

Learn what a CD4 count measures, how HIV affects helper T cells, what common ranges and thresholds mean, why results fluctuate, and how the test guides monitoring and infection prevention.

CD4 Count Test: Helper T Cells, Immune Function, HIV Monitoring, and Meaning

Learn how the CD4/CD8 ratio is calculated, what low or high results may mean, why an inverted ratio is nonspecific, and how the test adds context in HIV and immune monitoring.

CD4/CD8 Ratio Test: Immune Balance, High and Low Ratio, and Meaning

Learn what a CD8 count measures, why cytotoxic T-cell numbers may rise or fall, how viral infections affect results, and why cell quantity does not equal antiviral function.

CD8 Count Test: Cytotoxic T Cells, Immune Function, and Viral Response

Understand what a chemokine panel measures, why immune-signaling and cell-migration markers rise or fall, and how specialists interpret patterns and limitations.

Chemokine Panel Test: Immune Signaling, Inflammation, and Cell Migration Markers

Diagnostics

Home Diagnostics Page 10

Understand fertility hormone panels, the timing and meaning of FSH, LH, estradiol, AMH, progesterone, and prolactin, and the limits of normal results.

Fertility Hormone Test Panel: FSH, LH, Estradiol, AMH, Progesterone, Prolactin, and...

Understand FSH testing, normal cycle and menopause patterns, causes of high or low results, fertility limits, and how related hormones guide next steps.

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Test: High, Low, Normal Range, Fertility, Menopause, and...

Understand free testosterone testing, how SHBG changes results, reliable measurement methods, causes of high or low levels, and safe follow-up steps.

Free Testosterone Test: High, Low, Normal Range, SHBG, and Hormone Balance

Understand the GnRH stimulation test for early or delayed puberty, how LH and FSH responses are interpreted, protocol limits, and the next steps after results.

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Stimulation Test: Puberty, Pituitary, and Results

Learn how testosterone, FSH, LH, prolactin, and inhibin B are used in a male infertility blood test panel, including result patterns, ranges, preparation, and follow-up.

Infertility Blood Test Panel for Men: Testosterone, FSH, LH, Prolactin, Inhibin...

Understand how FSH, LH, AMH, estradiol, and prolactin are used in a female infertility blood test panel, including timing, result patterns, ranges, and next steps.

Infertility Blood Test Panel for Women: FSH, LH, AMH, Estradiol, Prolactin,...

Learn how an inhibin A test is used in the pregnancy quad screen and selected ovarian evaluations, including MoM results, high and low values, follow-up, and limits.

Inhibin A Test: Pregnancy Screening, Ovarian Function, and Results

Learn how an inhibin B test reflects Sertoli-cell and ovarian follicle activity, including high and low results, male fertility, ovarian reserve, ranges, and follow-up.

Inhibin B Test: Ovarian Reserve, Sertoli Cell Function, Male Fertility, and...

Learn how an LH test is used for ovulation, fertility, testosterone production, menopause, and puberty, including normal ranges, high and low results, and follow-up.

Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Test: High, Low, Normal Range, Ovulation, and Results

Learn when FSH, estradiol, LH, and AMH testing helps assess menopause and perimenopause, including result patterns, symptoms, limitations, and follow-up.

Menopause Hormone Test Panel: FSH, Estradiol, LH, AMH, Symptoms, and Results

Learn how AMH, FSH, estradiol, and inhibin B ovarian reserve tests are timed and interpreted, including low, high, and discordant results.

Ovarian Reserve Test Panel: AMH, FSH, Estradiol, Inhibin B, and Results

Understand how LH, progesterone, and estradiol blood tests track ovulation, when each test should be timed, and what high, low, or mismatched results mean.

Ovulation Blood Test Panel: LH Surge, Progesterone, Estradiol, and Results

Learn how testosterone, DHEA-S, the LH/FSH ratio, insulin, and glucose tests are used in PCOS, what abnormal patterns mean, and which mimics must be excluded.

PCOS Hormone Test Panel: Testosterone, DHEA-S, LH/FSH Ratio, Insulin, and Results

Learn how LH, FSH, estradiol, and testosterone are used to distinguish central from peripheral precocious puberty and what testing, imaging, and follow-up may involve.

Precocious Puberty Hormone Test Panel: LH, FSH, Estradiol, Testosterone, and Results

Understand progesterone blood test timing, normal ranges, ovulation thresholds, and possible causes of high or low results in menstrual cycles, fertility care, and pregnancy.

Progesterone Blood Test: High, Low, Normal Range, Ovulation, and Results

Learn what high or low prolactin blood test results mean, how prolactin affects fertility and pituitary function, and when repeat testing, MRI, or treatment is needed.

Prolactin Blood Test: High, Low, Normal Range, Fertility, Pituitary, and Results

Learn how estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, FSH, LH, and prolactin results are interpreted together for fertility, periods, gonadal function, and pituitary health.

Reproductive Hormone Panel: Estrogen, Progesterone, Testosterone, FSH, LH, Prolactin, and Results

Learn what high or low SHBG blood test results mean, how SHBG changes free testosterone, common causes, normal-range limits, and appropriate follow-up testing.

Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin (SHBG) Test: High, Low, Normal Range, and Results

Learn how total and free testosterone blood tests are timed and interpreted, including high and low causes, normal-range limits, fertility effects, and appropriate follow-up.

Testosterone Blood Test: High, Low, Normal Range, Fertility, and Results

Understand beta-hCG testing for early pregnancy, expected rises and falls, ectopic pregnancy and miscarriage patterns, result limits, and when urgent care is needed.

Beta-hCG Test: Pregnancy, Ectopic Pregnancy, Miscarriage, and Results

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