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Learn how HLA-DR and CD38 flow cytometry measures activated T cells, what high results may mean, why ranges vary, and how clinicians plan follow-up.

Activated T-Cell Marker Test: HLA-DR, CD38, Immune Activation, and Inflammation

Understand how CD19 and CD20 B-cell counts are measured, why results may be high or low, how anti-CD20 therapy affects them, and which follow-up tests assess antibody function.

B-Cell Count Test: CD19, CD20, Immune Function, and Antibody Production

Learn what a CD4 count measures, how HIV affects helper T cells, what common ranges and thresholds mean, why results fluctuate, and how the test guides monitoring and infection prevention.

CD4 Count Test: Helper T Cells, Immune Function, HIV Monitoring, and Meaning

Learn how the CD4/CD8 ratio is calculated, what low or high results may mean, why an inverted ratio is nonspecific, and how the test adds context in HIV and immune monitoring.

CD4/CD8 Ratio Test: Immune Balance, High and Low Ratio, and Meaning

Learn what a CD8 count measures, why cytotoxic T-cell numbers may rise or fall, how viral infections affect results, and why cell quantity does not equal antiviral function.

CD8 Count Test: Cytotoxic T Cells, Immune Function, and Viral Response

Understand what a chemokine panel measures, why immune-signaling and cell-migration markers rise or fall, and how specialists interpret patterns and limitations.

Chemokine Panel Test: Immune Signaling, Inflammation, and Cell Migration Markers

Diagnostics

Home Diagnostics Page 26

Understand ACADM genetic testing for MCAD deficiency, including newborn screening, c.985A>G, positive, carrier, VUS, negative results, fasting, and family risk.

Medium-Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase (MCAD) Deficiency Genetic Test: ACADM Gene and Results

Understand NF1 genetic testing, including revised diagnostic criteria, mosaic and RNA testing, positive, negative, and VUS results, tumor warning signs, and family risk.

Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Genetic Test: NF1 Gene Mutations and Results

NF2 genetic testing explained: NF2-related schwannomatosis, mosaic and tumor testing, result interpretation, surveillance, hearing care, and family risk.

Neurofibromatosis Type 2 Genetic Test: NF2 Gene Mutations and Results

Learn how SMPD1, NPC1, and NPC2 genetic testing identifies Niemann-Pick disease, what positive, carrier, negative, and uncertain results mean, and which follow-up tests may be needed.

Niemann-Pick Disease Genetic Test: SMPD1, NPC1, NPC2 Genes, and Results

Understand how COL1A1 and COL1A2 genetic testing confirms osteogenesis imperfecta, how positive, negative, and uncertain results are interpreted, and what they mean for family risk and care.

Osteogenesis Imperfecta Genetic Test: COL1A1, COL1A2 Genes, and Results

Learn how pan-ethnic carrier screening tests common inherited disorders, how positive and negative results affect couple risk, and what partner testing and reproductive options may follow.

Pan-Ethnic Carrier Screening Test: Common Genetic Disorders and Results

Learn how PAH genetic testing confirms phenylketonuria, how positive, carrier, negative, and uncertain results are interpreted, and why blood phenylalanine still guides treatment.

Phenylketonuria (PKU) Genetic Test: PAH Gene Mutations and Results

Learn how PKD1 and PKD2 genetic testing confirms ADPKD, explains inheritance, clarifies uncertain results, and guides family testing and kidney follow-up.

Polycystic Kidney Disease Genetic Test: PKD1, PKD2 Genes, and Results

Understand GAA genetic testing for Pompe disease, including enzyme confirmation, carrier risk, pseudodeficiency, newborn screening, and positive or uncertain results.

Pompe Disease Genetic Test: GAA Gene Mutations, Carrier Risk, and Results

Learn how primary ciliary dyskinesia genetic testing identifies ciliary gene variants, works with nasal nitric oxide and microscopy, and explains family risk.

Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Genetic Test: Ciliary Gene Mutations and Results

Understand retinitis pigmentosa genetic testing, inherited retinal disease genes, inheritance patterns, syndromic risks, and positive or uncertain results.

Retinitis Pigmentosa Genetic Test: Inherited Eye Disease Genes and Results

Learn how HBB genetic testing distinguishes sickle cell trait from HbSS, HbSC, and sickle beta-thalassemia and clarifies newborn and family results.

Sickle Cell Genetic Test: HBB Gene, Trait, Disease, and Results

Understand SMA carrier testing, including SMN1 copy number, 2+0 silent carriers, duplication markers, residual risk, partner testing, and prenatal results.

Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) Carrier Test: SMN1 Gene, Copy Number, and...

Understand standard carrier screening for cystic fibrosis, SMA, and Fragile X, including test methods, result categories, residual risk, partner testing, and reproductive follow-up.

Standard Carrier Screening Panel: Cystic Fibrosis, SMA, Fragile X, and Results

Learn how ABCA4 genetic testing confirms Stargardt disease, how to interpret two variants, one variant, VUS, negative results, phase, prognosis, and family risk.

Stargardt Disease Genetic Test: ABCA4 Gene Mutations and Results

Understand Tay-Sachs carrier testing with HEXA gene and Hex A enzyme analysis, including pseudodeficiency, B1 variants, pregnancy specimens, results, and partner risk.

Tay-Sachs Disease Carrier Test: HEXA Gene, Enzyme, and Results

Understand TSC1 and TSC2 genetic testing for tuberous sclerosis, including diagnostic results, VUS, negative tests, mosaicism, inheritance risk, and surveillance.

Tuberous Sclerosis Genetic Test: TSC1, TSC2 Genes, Risk, and Results

Understand Wilson disease ATP7B genetic testing and copper results, including ceruloplasmin, urine and liver copper, two variants, carrier findings, VUS, and family risk.

Wilson Disease Genetic Test: ATP7B Gene Mutations, Copper, and Results

Understand X-linked carrier screening, female carrier risk, inheritance for sons and daughters, test methods, result meanings, health follow-up, and pregnancy options.

X-Linked Carrier Screening Test: Female Carrier Risk and Results

Learn what an autoimmune disease genetic risk test measures, how HLA and immune-gene results are interpreted, and why positive or negative findings do not provide a diagnosis.

Autoimmune Disease Genetic Risk Test: HLA, Immune Genes, and Results

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