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Learn how HLA-DR and CD38 flow cytometry measures activated T cells, what high results may mean, why ranges vary, and how clinicians plan follow-up.

Activated T-Cell Marker Test: HLA-DR, CD38, Immune Activation, and Inflammation

Understand how CD19 and CD20 B-cell counts are measured, why results may be high or low, how anti-CD20 therapy affects them, and which follow-up tests assess antibody function.

B-Cell Count Test: CD19, CD20, Immune Function, and Antibody Production

Learn what a CD4 count measures, how HIV affects helper T cells, what common ranges and thresholds mean, why results fluctuate, and how the test guides monitoring and infection prevention.

CD4 Count Test: Helper T Cells, Immune Function, HIV Monitoring, and Meaning

Learn how the CD4/CD8 ratio is calculated, what low or high results may mean, why an inverted ratio is nonspecific, and how the test adds context in HIV and immune monitoring.

CD4/CD8 Ratio Test: Immune Balance, High and Low Ratio, and Meaning

Learn what a CD8 count measures, why cytotoxic T-cell numbers may rise or fall, how viral infections affect results, and why cell quantity does not equal antiviral function.

CD8 Count Test: Cytotoxic T Cells, Immune Function, and Viral Response

Understand what a chemokine panel measures, why immune-signaling and cell-migration markers rise or fall, and how specialists interpret patterns and limitations.

Chemokine Panel Test: Immune Signaling, Inflammation, and Cell Migration Markers

Diagnostics

Home Diagnostics Page 27

Learn how CVID genetic testing examines immune-disorder genes, what positive, negative, and uncertain results mean, and when a molecular diagnosis may change care.

Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID) Genetic Test: Immune Disorder Genes and Results

Learn how complement deficiency genetic testing evaluates immune-system genes, how CH50 and AH50 guide diagnosis, and what positive, negative, or uncertain results mean.

Complement Deficiency Genetic Test: Immune System Genes and Results

Learn how CDC, flow cytometry, and virtual crossmatch tests assess transplant compatibility, what a positive result means, and why donor-specific antibodies affect risk.

Crossmatch Test: Transplant Compatibility, Positive Result, and Meaning

Understand donor-specific antibody testing, including positive and negative DSA results, MFI, rejection risk, crossmatch findings, limitations, and follow-up after transplant.

Donor-Specific Antibody (DSA) Test: Transplant Rejection Risk and Results

Learn how MEFV testing supports familial Mediterranean fever diagnosis, including variants, carrier results, colchicine treatment, and amyloidosis risk.

Familial Mediterranean Fever Genetic Test: MEFV Gene, Inflammation, and Results

Understand hereditary angioedema genetic testing for SERPING1, F12, PLG, and other genes, including result meanings, inheritance, complement tests, and emergency care.

Hereditary Angioedema Genetic Test: SERPING1, F12, PLG, and Results

Understand HLA antibody testing, including PRA and cPRA, MFI, sensitization, donor-specific antibodies, transplant compatibility, limitations, and follow-up results.

HLA Antibody Test: Transplant Compatibility, PRA, and Results

Understand HLA matching for kidney, bone marrow, stem-cell, and organ transplant, including 6/6, 8/8, 10/10, haploidentical, mismatch, antibody, and crossmatch results.

HLA Matching Test: Kidney, Bone Marrow, Organ Transplant, and Results

Understand HLA typing methods, allele names, resolution, transplant matching, disease associations, drug-reaction risk, specimen issues, and result interpretation.

HLA Typing Test: Immune Matching, Transplant, Disease Risk, and Results

Understand HLA-A genetic testing, including allele names, tissue type, transplant matching, donor-specific antibodies, disease associations, drug risk, and result limitations.

HLA-A Genetic Test: Tissue Type, Transplant Matching, and Results

Understand HLA-A*31:01 testing for carbamazepine hypersensitivity, including positive and negative results, HLA-B*15:02 differences, drug decisions, and urgent symptoms.

HLA-A*31:01 Test: Carbamazepine Hypersensitivity Risk and Results

Understand HLA-B genetic testing for tissue type, transplant matching, drug reaction alleles, HLA-B27 and HLA-B51 disease risk, result notation, and limitations.

HLA-B Genetic Test: Tissue Type, Drug Reaction Risk, and Results

Understand HLA-B27 testing for ankylosing spondylitis and axial spondyloarthritis, including positive and negative results, symptoms, imaging, related conditions, and next steps.

HLA-B27 Test: Ankylosing Spondylitis Risk, Positive Result, and Meaning

Understand HLA-B51 testing for Behçet disease risk, including positive and negative results, HLA-B5 differences, clinical diagnosis, symptoms, limitations, and next steps.

HLA-B51 Test: Behcet Disease Risk and Results

Understand HLA-B*15:02 testing before carbamazepine, including who needs it, positive and negative results, SJS/TEN risk, medication choices, and urgent rash signs.

HLA-B*15:02 Test: Carbamazepine Skin Reaction Risk and Results

Learn how HLA-B*57:01 testing prevents abacavir hypersensitivity, what positive and negative results mean, when to test, symptoms to recognize, and how results guide HIV treatment.

HLA-B*57:01 Test: Abacavir Hypersensitivity Risk and Results

Learn how HLA-B*58:01 testing estimates allopurinol severe skin-reaction risk, who may need testing, what results mean, safer dosing, alternatives, and urgent warning signs.

HLA-B*58:01 Test: Allopurinol Severe Skin Reaction Risk and Results

Understand HLA-C genetic testing for tissue type, stem cell matching, donor-specific antibodies, KIR ligands, allele results, mismatches, limitations, and transplant follow-up.

HLA-C Genetic Test: Tissue Type, Immune Matching, and Results

Understand HLA-DP genetic testing, including DPA1 and DPB1 alleles, permissive mismatches, stem cell donor selection, donor-specific antibodies, results, and limitations.

HLA-DP Genetic Test: Immune Matching and Results

Understand HLA-DQ genetic testing for celiac susceptibility, DQA1 and DQB1 results, DQ2 and DQ8 meaning, autoimmune associations, transplantation, and next steps.

HLA-DQ Genetic Test: Celiac Disease, Autoimmune Risk, and Results

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