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Learn how HLA-DR and CD38 flow cytometry measures activated T cells, what high results may mean, why ranges vary, and how clinicians plan follow-up.

Activated T-Cell Marker Test: HLA-DR, CD38, Immune Activation, and Inflammation

Understand how CD19 and CD20 B-cell counts are measured, why results may be high or low, how anti-CD20 therapy affects them, and which follow-up tests assess antibody function.

B-Cell Count Test: CD19, CD20, Immune Function, and Antibody Production

Learn what a CD4 count measures, how HIV affects helper T cells, what common ranges and thresholds mean, why results fluctuate, and how the test guides monitoring and infection prevention.

CD4 Count Test: Helper T Cells, Immune Function, HIV Monitoring, and Meaning

Learn how the CD4/CD8 ratio is calculated, what low or high results may mean, why an inverted ratio is nonspecific, and how the test adds context in HIV and immune monitoring.

CD4/CD8 Ratio Test: Immune Balance, High and Low Ratio, and Meaning

Learn what a CD8 count measures, why cytotoxic T-cell numbers may rise or fall, how viral infections affect results, and why cell quantity does not equal antiviral function.

CD8 Count Test: Cytotoxic T Cells, Immune Function, and Viral Response

Understand what a chemokine panel measures, why immune-signaling and cell-migration markers rise or fall, and how specialists interpret patterns and limitations.

Chemokine Panel Test: Immune Signaling, Inflammation, and Cell Migration Markers

Diagnostics

Home Diagnostics Page 15

Learn what an AMH test measures, how low or high results relate to ovarian reserve, IVF response, PCOS, age, and why AMH cannot predict natural fertility alone.

Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) Test in Women: Ovarian Reserve, Fertility, and Results

Learn how a DHEA-S test evaluates adrenal androgen production in women, what high or low results can mean, and when PCOS, supplements, or adrenal imaging matter.

DHEA-S Test in Women: High Levels, PCOS, Adrenal Causes, and Results

Learn how estradiol testing is interpreted across the menstrual cycle, fertility treatment, and menopause, including high and low E2 causes, symptoms, ranges, and next steps.

Estradiol (E2) Test in Women: High, Low, Normal Range, and Symptoms

Learn how an estriol (E3) test is used in pregnancy, what low or high uE3 results may mean, and which follow-up tests clarify prenatal screening findings.

Estriol (E3) Test in Women: Pregnancy Estrogen, Placenta Function, and Results

Understand what an estrone (E1) test measures, how menopause affects levels, common high and low causes, test limitations, and the follow-up that results may require.

Estrone (E1) Test in Women: Menopause, Estrogen Balance, High and Low...

Learn how testosterone, DHEA-S, ferritin, and TSH tests are used in female hair loss, what abnormal results can mean, and when scalp-focused evaluation is needed.

Female Hair Loss Hormone Test Panel: Testosterone, DHEA-S, Ferritin, TSH, and...

Learn how estradiol, progesterone, FSH, LH, AMH, and prolactin are timed and interpreted for periods, ovulation, fertility, ovarian reserve, and menopause concerns.

Female Hormone Test Panel: Estradiol, Progesterone, FSH, LH, AMH, Prolactin, and...

Learn how an FSH test is used for fertility, ovarian reserve, absent periods, menopause, and premature ovarian insufficiency, including high and low result patterns.

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Test in Women: Fertility, Menopause, and Results

Learn how free testosterone is tested in women, why high levels can cause acne and hair growth, how SHBG changes results, and which follow-up tests identify the cause.

Free Testosterone Test in Women: High Levels, Acne, Hair Growth, and...

Learn how testosterone, DHEA-S, and androstenedione tests evaluate hirsutism, what result patterns suggest, and when rapid hair growth needs urgent endocrine assessment.

Hirsutism Hormone Test Panel: Testosterone, DHEA-S, Androstenedione, and Results

Learn how estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone are monitored during HRT, when blood tests help, how results are interpreted, and which warning signs need follow-up.

Hormone Replacement Therapy Monitoring Test: Estradiol, Progesterone, Testosterone, and Results

Learn what an inhibin A test measures, how it is used in quad screening and ovarian tumor assessment, and what high, low, or abnormal results can mean.

Inhibin A Test in Women: Ovarian Function, Pregnancy Screening, and Results

Learn how an inhibin B test reflects follicle activity and ovarian reserve, what high or low results may mean, and why timing and other fertility tests matter.

Inhibin B Test in Women: Ovarian Reserve, Follicle Function, and Results

Understand how TSH, prolactin, FSH, LH, and estradiol help evaluate irregular periods, what common result patterns mean, and which follow-up tests may be needed.

Irregular Period Hormone Test Panel: TSH, Prolactin, FSH, LH, Estradiol, and...

Understand luteal phase defect testing, when to check progesterone after ovulation, what results may mean, and which follow-up tests and treatments are useful.

Luteal Phase Defect Hormone Test: Progesterone Levels, Ovulation, and Results

Learn how an LH test is used for ovulation, fertility, PCOS, and menopause, including blood and urine testing, timing, result patterns, and follow-up.

Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Test in Women: Ovulation, PCOS, and Results

Understand how oral contraceptives affect SHBG, estrogen, testosterone, FSH, LH, and progesterone tests, and when off-pill hormone testing is useful.

Oral Contraceptive Hormone Testing: SHBG, Estrogen, Androgens, and Results

Understand a PCOS blood test panel, including testosterone, DHEA-S, SHBG, LH/FSH ratio, glucose, insulin, preparation, result patterns, and next steps.

PCOS Blood Test Panel: Testosterone, DHEA-S, LH/FSH Ratio, Insulin, and Results

Understand when perimenopause hormone testing is useful, how FSH, estradiol, and progesterone fluctuate, and which irregular bleeding results need follow-up.

Perimenopause Hormone Test Panel: FSH, Estradiol, Progesterone, Irregular Periods, and Results

Understand POI blood testing with FSH, estradiol, and AMH, including diagnostic criteria, medication effects, cause testing, fertility implications, and treatment follow-up.

Primary Ovarian Insufficiency Blood Test Panel: FSH, Estradiol, AMH, and Results

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