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Learn how HLA-DR and CD38 flow cytometry measures activated T cells, what high results may mean, why ranges vary, and how clinicians plan follow-up.

Activated T-Cell Marker Test: HLA-DR, CD38, Immune Activation, and Inflammation

Understand how CD19 and CD20 B-cell counts are measured, why results may be high or low, how anti-CD20 therapy affects them, and which follow-up tests assess antibody function.

B-Cell Count Test: CD19, CD20, Immune Function, and Antibody Production

Learn what a CD4 count measures, how HIV affects helper T cells, what common ranges and thresholds mean, why results fluctuate, and how the test guides monitoring and infection prevention.

CD4 Count Test: Helper T Cells, Immune Function, HIV Monitoring, and Meaning

Learn how the CD4/CD8 ratio is calculated, what low or high results may mean, why an inverted ratio is nonspecific, and how the test adds context in HIV and immune monitoring.

CD4/CD8 Ratio Test: Immune Balance, High and Low Ratio, and Meaning

Learn what a CD8 count measures, why cytotoxic T-cell numbers may rise or fall, how viral infections affect results, and why cell quantity does not equal antiviral function.

CD8 Count Test: Cytotoxic T Cells, Immune Function, and Viral Response

Understand what a chemokine panel measures, why immune-signaling and cell-migration markers rise or fall, and how specialists interpret patterns and limitations.

Chemokine Panel Test: Immune Signaling, Inflammation, and Cell Migration Markers

Diagnostics

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Understand NRAS mutation test results in melanoma and colorectal cancer, including extended RAS coverage, anti-EGFR resistance, treatment relevance, and test limits.

NRAS Mutation Test: Melanoma, Colon Cancer, and Results

Learn how NTRK fusion testing finds tumor-agnostic targets, compares RNA NGS, DNA NGS, IHC, and FISH, and guides TRK inhibitor treatment and resistance testing.

NTRK Fusion Test: Cancer Targeted Therapy, Gene Fusion, and Results

Learn what PALB2 genetic testing shows, how pathogenic variants affect breast, pancreatic, and ovarian cancer risk, and how positive, negative, and VUS results guide care.

PALB2 Genetic Test: Breast Cancer Risk, Mutations, and Results

Learn how PDGFRA mutation testing guides GIST diagnosis and therapy, including D842V, exon 18 results, imatinib resistance, avapritinib, and follow-up.

PDGFRA Mutation Test: GIST, Targeted Therapy, and Results

Learn how PD-L1 testing guides cancer immunotherapy, including TPS, CPS, assay clones, positive and negative scores, cancer-specific cutoffs, and test limitations.

PD-L1 Test: Cancer Immunotherapy, Expression Score, and Results

Learn how PIK3CA mutation testing guides targeted therapy in HR-positive, HER2-negative advanced breast cancer, including tissue, plasma, alpelisib, and inavolisib results.

PIK3CA Mutation Test: Breast Cancer, Targeted Therapy, and Results

Learn how PML-RARA testing confirms acute promyelocytic leukemia, compares FISH with RT-PCR, guides ATRA and arsenic treatment, and monitors molecular remission.

PML-RARA Test: Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia, Fusion Gene, and Results

Learn what an PMS2 genetic test shows, how results relate to Lynch syndrome and colon cancer risk, and what positive, negative, and uncertain findings mean for care and family.

PMS2 Genetic Test: Lynch Syndrome, Colon Cancer Risk, and Results

Learn how PTEN genetic testing can confirm Cowden syndrome, clarify cancer risks, explain positive, negative, and VUS results, and guide screening for patients and families.

PTEN Genetic Test: Cowden Syndrome, Cancer Risk, and Results

Understand how RB1 genetic testing identifies heritable retinoblastoma, clarifies blood and tumor results, guides eye surveillance, and defines cancer and family risks.

RB1 Genetic Test: Retinoblastoma, Cancer Risk, and Results

Learn how RET fusion testing detects targetable drivers in lung and thyroid cancer, how RNA and DNA methods differ, and what positive, negative, and resistance results mean.

RET Fusion Test: Lung and Thyroid Cancer, Targeted Therapy, and Results

Learn how germline RET testing confirms MEN2, guides medullary thyroid cancer prevention, explains variant results, and directs pheochromocytoma screening and family testing.

RET Genetic Test: MEN2, Medullary Thyroid Cancer, and Results

Learn how a ROS1 fusion test detects an actionable lung cancer driver, how tissue and blood methods differ, and what positive, negative, and resistance results mean.

ROS1 Fusion Test: Lung Cancer, Targeted Therapy, and Results

Understand what an SDHB genetic test shows, how results affect paraganglioma and pheochromocytoma surveillance, metastatic risk, and testing for relatives.

SDHB Genetic Test: Paraganglioma, Pheochromocytoma, and Cancer Risk

Learn how an SDHC genetic test identifies hereditary paraganglioma risk, what positive, negative, and VUS results mean, and how carrier surveillance works.

SDHC Genetic Test: Paraganglioma, Pheochromocytoma, and Results

Learn how an SDHD genetic test identifies hereditary paraganglioma risk, why paternal inheritance matters, and how positive, negative, and uncertain results guide surveillance.

SDHD Genetic Test: Paraganglioma, Pheochromocytoma, and Results

Learn how a solid tumor NGS panel detects cancer mutations, fusions, copy-number changes, and biomarkers, and how results may guide treatment, trials, and repeat testing.

Solid Tumor NGS Panel Test: Cancer Mutations, Fusions, and Treatment Results

Learn what an STK11 genetic test shows, how Peutz-Jeghers syndrome affects polyps and cancer risk, and what positive, negative, and VUS results mean for surveillance.

STK11 Genetic Test: Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome, Cancer Risk, and Results

Learn what a TET2 mutation test shows, why the same result can mean CHIP, CCUS, or blood cancer, and how VAF, co-mutations, and blood counts guide follow-up.

TET2 Mutation Test: Blood Cancer, Clonal Hematopoiesis, and Results

Learn how TP53 genetic testing identifies Li-Fraumeni syndrome, why blood-clone and mosaic findings require confirmation, and how results guide lifelong cancer surveillance.

TP53 Genetic Test: Li-Fraumeni Syndrome, Cancer Risk, and Results

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