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Learn how HLA-DR and CD38 flow cytometry measures activated T cells, what high results may mean, why ranges vary, and how clinicians plan follow-up.

Activated T-Cell Marker Test: HLA-DR, CD38, Immune Activation, and Inflammation

Understand how CD19 and CD20 B-cell counts are measured, why results may be high or low, how anti-CD20 therapy affects them, and which follow-up tests assess antibody function.

B-Cell Count Test: CD19, CD20, Immune Function, and Antibody Production

Learn what a CD4 count measures, how HIV affects helper T cells, what common ranges and thresholds mean, why results fluctuate, and how the test guides monitoring and infection prevention.

CD4 Count Test: Helper T Cells, Immune Function, HIV Monitoring, and Meaning

Learn how the CD4/CD8 ratio is calculated, what low or high results may mean, why an inverted ratio is nonspecific, and how the test adds context in HIV and immune monitoring.

CD4/CD8 Ratio Test: Immune Balance, High and Low Ratio, and Meaning

Learn what a CD8 count measures, why cytotoxic T-cell numbers may rise or fall, how viral infections affect results, and why cell quantity does not equal antiviral function.

CD8 Count Test: Cytotoxic T Cells, Immune Function, and Viral Response

Understand what a chemokine panel measures, why immune-signaling and cell-migration markers rise or fall, and how specialists interpret patterns and limitations.

Chemokine Panel Test: Immune Signaling, Inflammation, and Cell Migration Markers

Diagnostics

Home Diagnostics Page 5

Learn what an extractable nuclear antigen panel tests, how ENA antibodies relate to lupus, Sjögren disease, scleroderma, MCTD, and myositis, and what positive or negative results mean.

Extractable Nuclear Antigen (ENA) Panel: Autoimmune Antibodies, Connective Tissue Disease, and...

Learn how to interpret an IgA blood test, including age-specific normal ranges, causes of high or low IgA, selective IgA deficiency, and its effect on celiac disease testing.

IgA Blood Test: High, Low, Normal Range, Celiac Disease, and Immune...

Understand IgG, IgA, and IgM blood test results, including normal ranges, causes of high or low levels, immune deficiency patterns, and polyclonal versus monoclonal increases.

Immunoglobulin Blood Test: IgG, IgA, IgM, High and Low Levels, and...

Learn how a myositis autoantibody panel identifies muscle-disease phenotypes, lung-risk antibodies, necrotizing myopathy markers, cancer associations, and next diagnostic steps.

Myositis Autoantibody Panel: Muscle Inflammation Antibodies, Lung Disease Risk, and Diagnosis

Understand paraneoplastic autoantibody panels, including high-risk neural antibodies, neurologic syndromes, cancer associations, serum versus CSF testing, and follow-up after positive or negative results.

Paraneoplastic Autoantibody Panel: Cancer-Related Immune Antibodies, Neurologic Symptoms, and Meaning

Understand rheumatoid factor test results, including normal ranges, low and high positive RF, non-RA causes, seronegative rheumatoid arthritis, anti-CCP testing, and next diagnostic steps.

Rheumatoid Factor (RF) Test: Positive, Negative, High Levels, and Rheumatoid Arthritis...

Understand SARD panels, including ANA methods, titers and patterns, ENA reflex antibodies, lupus, Sjögren and scleroderma associations, false positives, negative results, and organ-based follow-up.

Systemic Autoimmune Rheumatic Disease (SARD) Panel: ANA, ENA, Autoantibodies, and Diagnosis

Understand TPOAb, TgAb, TRAb and TSI results, including Hashimoto and Graves patterns, normal thyroid function with positive antibodies, pregnancy risks, monitoring, and treatment meaning.

Thyroid Antibody Panel: TPOAb, TgAb, TRAb, Hashimoto, Graves, and Autoimmune Thyroid...

Learn what a tTG-IgA test screens for, how to interpret negative, borderline, and positive celiac results, and why total IgA, gluten intake, and biopsy matter.

Tissue Transglutaminase (tTG-IgA) Test: Celiac Disease Screening, Positive Result, and Meaning

Learn how the anticardiolipin IgA antibody test is interpreted, why IgA is not an APS criteria marker, and what a positive result may mean for clotting and pregnancy risk.

Anticardiolipin IgA Antibody Test: Antiphospholipid Antibodies and APS Risk

Learn how anticardiolipin IgG levels are interpreted, why persistent moderate or high results matter, and how the test relates to APS, clotting, and pregnancy loss.

Anticardiolipin IgG Antibody Test: Clotting Risk, Pregnancy Loss, and APS Meaning

Learn how anticardiolipin IgM results are interpreted, why low values may be temporary, and when persistent IgM may matter for APS, clotting, and pregnancy loss.

Anticardiolipin IgM Antibody Test: Clotting Risk, Pregnancy Loss, and APS Meaning

Learn what an anti-phosphatidylethanolamine antibody test measures, how a positive aPE result relates to pregnancy loss, and why it does not diagnose APS alone.

Anti-Phosphatidylethanolamine Antibody Test: Antiphospholipid Marker and Pregnancy Loss Risk

Understand what an anti-phosphatidylserine antibody test measures, how positive and borderline results are interpreted, and why the marker does not diagnose APS alone.

Anti-Phosphatidylserine Antibody Test: APS Marker, Positive Result, and Meaning

Learn why antiphospholipid antibodies are repeated after at least 12 weeks, which tests need confirmation, and how anticoagulants affect APS diagnosis.

Antiphospholipid Antibody Repeat Testing: 12-Week Confirmation and APS Diagnosis

Learn what an antiphospholipid IgA antibody panel measures, how positive results differ from standard APS markers, and what they may mean for clotting and pregnancy risk.

Antiphospholipid IgA Antibody Panel: Antiphospholipid Antibodies, APS Risk, and Meaning

Understand what an antiphospholipid IgG antibody panel includes, how levels and persistent results affect APS diagnosis, and what a positive test may mean for clotting risk.

Antiphospholipid IgG Antibody Panel: Clotting Risk, APS Diagnosis, and Meaning

Learn how an antiphospholipid IgM antibody panel is interpreted, when isolated or persistent IgM may matter, and how results relate to clotting risk and APS diagnosis.

Antiphospholipid IgM Antibody Panel: Clotting Risk, APS Diagnosis, and Meaning

Learn what an APS blood test panel includes, how lupus anticoagulant, anticardiolipin, and beta-2 glycoprotein results are combined, and how testing supports diagnosis.

Antiphospholipid Syndrome Blood Test Panel: Lupus Anticoagulant, Anticardiolipin, Beta-2 Glycoprotein, and...

Learn what an anti-prothrombin antibody test measures, how it differs from aPS/PT testing, and what a positive result may mean for APS and clotting risk.

Anti-Prothrombin Antibody Test: Antiphospholipid Syndrome, Clotting Risk, and Meaning

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